Индивидуальный выбор - Фуад Алескеров

[music] How does a person make decisions in general? What is the motivation for his decisions? This question has interested researchers since very ancient times and some of the first, so to speak, ideas on this topic appeared in the 19th century in England when the state began to talk about the fact that the basis is

the desire to increase his power. He said that a person tries to increase his happiness, which means that only John Stuart Mill began to talk about utility. He was one of the greatest English philosophers and economists, and for the first time in his works, a different solution was found in order to increase one’s

utility at a time when this was just being discussed. The logic of this choice, so to speak, was based on the so-called cardinal utility function, that is, we could roughly calculate how much utility each object brings to us and, based on this, so to speak, make a decision already at the end of the 10th century at the

beginning. Well, even yes, at the end of the 19th century, Vilfredo Paret is another outstanding Italian philosopher, economist, sociologist, and began to talk about the ordinal utility function. This means that when the values ​​​​of the utility function themselves are not important, but the ratio is important: this object brings me more utility, and

this object less. utility and a person behaves in such a way as to maximize the received utility, this concept, this paradigm has become fundamental in general in works, so to speak, since those times. That is, in fact, this is the end of the 19th century and today it underlies, so to speak, Well, a

whole range of sciences where human decision-making is studied. In the middle of the 20th century, von Neumann and Morgenstern analyzed, so to speak, this same model, they tried to build, so to speak, and on the basis of this model, they introduced the so-called von Morgenstern utility function, which is also a cardinal type of function in