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Skąd się wzięli KOZACY — Transcript · YTtoTranscript

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Skąd się wzięli KOZACY

Gościwit Malinowski - podcast INTERPRETACJE · 6,340 words · 32 min read · EN

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Below is the complete, readable transcript of Skąd się wzięli KOZACY by Gościwit Malinowski - podcast INTERPRETACJE on YouTube. Read the full text, copy any part you need, or generate a transcript for any video with our free tool.

Good morning everyone. This page hosts Wit Malinowski's podcast interpretations. First of all, I would like to thank all of you who patronize the podcast interpretations channel on Patronite, who buy its author a symbolic coffee on Bykoffy 2 and who directly support the channel on YouTube. I would also like to thank everyone who

subscribes, especially those who ring the bell, who comment, like, upvote and share my broadcasts . In 1894, the Dutch orientalist Martin Theodor Hzma, a Frisian and professor at the University of Utrecht, published in Leiden an anonymous Mamluk-Arabic dictionary, probably compiled in Egypt. The manuscript containing this dictionary was dated by Hzma to 1245.

This dictionary was the first time in the known Turkic language records that the word Cossack, or more precisely, Kazak, was recorded. Hautzma translated the word Kazak into German as landstreicher włuczę, which was later rendered in English as wagabond homeless vagabond. A number of researchers shared the hacma's view, both regarding the dating of the dictionary and

the interpretation of the term Kazak. These include Ukrainian Harvard researcher Omelian Pricek. The Khazar sultan interprets this source of the trusum in an even broader way, explaining the term kazak as a homeless, shelterless, wandering exile, basing it primarily on the works of Babur, the first ruler of India from the Great Mughal dynasty, who

defeated the Delhi sultan Ibrahim Shah Lodi at Panipat in 1526. Previously, Babur, a descendant of Tamerlane, had wandered around Central Asia, driven away by the newly formed nomadic nation of the Uzbeks. Later researchers, however, began to have doubts as to whether Holzma had dated this codex correctly. The date 1245 is very early.

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At that time, Egypt was still ruled by the Ayubid dynasty, descended from Saladin. And the Mamluks were just state soldiers, right? freemen. Only in 1249, after the death of Sultan Assalikh, who had expanded the Mamluk corps in Egypt as a result of palace intrigues, the wife of that sultan, the Kipchak slave Shajar

Addur, became sultana, which is a complete rarity in the world of patriarchal Muslim rulers. And then, to secure her support, she married a Kipchak Mamluk, Aibak. Thus, in 1250, power over Egypt was taken over by slave soldiers, mainly from Central Asia, called Bakhrites, who were sold into slavery by the victorious Mongols through their Venetian

intermediaries. Ten years later in 1260, these Kipchads, or Turkic-speaking Mamluk soldiers, led by Bbars, would take revenge on their Mongol conquerors. By defeating the troops of the Christian leader Kitbugia, who headed the so-called Yellow Crusade organized by the Mongols to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Returning to this anonymous glossary, however, the Korean Turkologist Juplie

considers the date of 1245 which he assigned to this manuscript of Hzma to be completely groundless. In fact, this manuscript should be dated to the mid-14th century. So he is about 100 years younger. As another researcher, Barbara Fleming, has shown, this dictionary probably dates back to 1343, so it would have been created after more than 90 years of the

Kipchak Mamluk rule in Egypt. So by then they were already an important political factor and compiling a dictionary made perfect sense. Juupli points out that in this dictionary the word kazak was translated into Arabic as almudarrat, which in this context means a person deprived of family and lasting ties, and therefore lonely, uprooted, without

belonging. According to another Turkologist, Peter Golden, the term Kazak also appears in Mamluk dictionaries from the mid-14th century. Kazakbashly expressions meaning emancipated, free, or a bachelor, unmarried, including a knight or a landless loner. Thus, the Kipchak-Arabic dictionaries from Egypt give us a good understanding of the word Kazak in the context of the mid-14th century, but they

are not the oldest attestation of this word. One of the earliest attestations of the word Cossack in written sources is the multilingual dictionary of the Polovtsian language, the so-called Kumanikus Codex. the Plovdiv language, sometimes called the Kipchak language or the Cuman language. The Codex Cumanicus was created at the beginning of the 14th

century in 1303 and its only surviving copy is kept in the library of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice. The name Codex Cumanicus was given to this dictionary in the 19th century by the manuscript researcher Count Geakun, who was himself a descendant of the Polovtsians. settled in Hungary in the 10th century. Initially, he believed that the codex was created by

Cuman refugees who took refuge in Hungary, fleeing the Mongol invasion of Batuhan, and thus brought the Mongol invasion of 1241 to Hungary, an invasion that almost annihilated the Hungarian state. However, the victorious Mongols withdrew from the Pannonian Basin because he died in the distant Karakorum during a winter hunt and the various parties and entertainment organized on this occasion

. The Great Khan Ogedyj and a new Great Han had to be chosen. Moreover, the summer of 1241 in Hungary was so rainy that the Mongol horses withered in the humid climate. The Cumans received from the Hungarians two lands deserted after the Mongol invasion and grew in power, so much so that their daughter Hana became the wife of the

Hungarian king and their son Władysław IV the Cuman took the throne. However, in the text of the dictionary Codex Cumanicus itself, one sentence was written. Butatartyl is the Tatar language and it turned out that it was created and such a kisser by missionaries in Crimea based on the local spoken language, close to the

modern language of the Crimean Tatars, not in Hungary. The main purpose of this dictionary was to be used practically for the study of the Turkish language by missionaries in order to facilitate the Christianization of the population of the Golden Horde, where the question of the state religion still remained unresolved. Slowly, Islam gained more followers

among the Tatars, but there was still no shortage of Tatar Christians or followers of other religions, potentially converts to Christianity. The Codex Cumanicus manuscript consists of 82 paper leaves and is divided into two parts. an Italian part containing a Latin-Persian-Cuman dictionary and a German part containing a Cuman-German dictionary and various religious texts. The

Latin alphabet was used to write the Kipchak language. In the Latin text this language is referred to as Komanikum or Comomaniko Cuman. However, in the Kipchak language itself there are Tatar names in Tatar. Tatartyl, Tatar language. The first page of the codex bears the date July 11, 1303. The Italian part contained a Latin introduction

and a trilingual dictionary written in three columns: Latin, Persian, and Cuman. The dictionary consists of two parts: an alphabetical list of 1,560 Latin entries and a thematic dictionary of 1,120 entries. In both parts the translation of Latin words is incomplete. The thematic dictionary lacks translations of approximately 200 Latin entries. The German part,

unlike the Italian part, is unsystematic and was written by different copyists. Contains a Cuman-German dictionary, a Cuman-Latin dictionary consisting of an unordered collection of words and phrases. Christian texts in Cuman, Cuman translations of Latin texts, and Latin translations of Cuman texts. [snort] Both parts also contain notes on the grammar of the Cuman language,

including information on verb conjugation, declension, and the inflection of pronouns, adjectives, and nouns. The Kumanicus codex contains, among other things, the oldest known collection of 47 Turkish riddles, as well as the first translations of the 10 Commandments of God into the Kibchak, Cuman, and Polovtsian languages . the creed of the Our Father and Hail Mary prayers. The very

fact that it is a dictionary written in 1303 allows us to assume that the words it contains were known much earlier, at least in the 11th century. And in the Latin dictionary the equivalent of the Polovtsian word kazak is free, or rather it is written there not kazak, but cossack. So with the first o and this is the

sound that is found today in Slavic languages, and not in Turkic languages, where we have two a kazak. In addition, the Kumanikus Codex also contains the expression gasal kosak, meaning guard. Israeli researcher David Ajalon also cites the name Alhasakiyah as the name of the elite bodyguard of the Mamluk sultan. In the Sugdai Synagogue from

the Crimean town of Sugdei, under the date of May 17, 1308, it is written: "On the same day, the servant of God Almalu, son of Samak, died. Unfortunately, the young man was stabbed to death by the Cossacks. Therefore, this Orthodox martyr is a kibchak, a Tatar. He bears a Tatar name, too. His

father, too. However, he died after being murdered by the Cossacks. And this is the first act committed by the Cossacks. It was recorded in any source in 1308. However, the term itself, as I mentioned, is a bit older. Therefore, it can be assumed that in the Pontic language, among the Tatars living near Crimea, the concept of Kazak was known

, denoting representatives of some loose armed bands in a nomadic environment. In Ruthenia, in the Slavic language of the Old Russian review, knowledge of this word is attested only at the beginning of the 15th century, when the nickname derived from the word The term "Cossack" was first mentioned in the Pskov chronicles, when the

Pskov posadnik Yuri Kozachkowicz is mentioned under the year 1406. The first and third chronicles read: Giurgi, posadnik Pskov, son of Filipov Kozachkowicz. The second chronicle says: Yuri, posadnik Kozachkowicz. Therefore, Posadnik George was the son of someone referred to by a diminutive nickname, namely someone called Filip Kazachkowicz, or in another spelling Filip Kozachkowicz,

who obviously had to have lived in the 14th century. The word "Cossack" also appeared in Ruthenia probably a century earlier, in the 14th century. From the 1040s, Cossacks began to be regularly mentioned in various sources. For example, by Abdar Razak Samarkandi, a 10th-century Timurid historian, in the Nikonov Chronicle and the Yarmoliński Chronicle. According to the

Russian researcher Solovyov, the first mention of Cossacks in Ruthenia comes from from the end of the first half of the 10th century, when the chronicle "Powieś o Tsarovich Mustafa" mentions Ryazan Cossacks who came to the aid of the inhabitants of Ryazan and Moscow against the Tatar Tsarevich Mustafa at the end of 1444. The

first Polish records about Cossacks date back to 1489. During King John Albert's expedition against the Tatars, Christian Cossacks showed his army the way in Podolia. In the same year, the units of the Atamans, Vasyl Żyła, Bogdan, and Holupets attacked the Tavan crossing in the lower reaches of the Dnieper. After dispersing the Tatar

guard, these units robbed the merchants. Thus, the Slavic word "Cossack" comes from the Turkish language, from Kazakh in the southern Kipchak language. There we have the word " Kazak," which today is practically a symbol, the name of an entire nationality. This word derives, as I mentioned, from Kipchak. One can also refer to

Another Turkish word, kuzak, meaning a free man, a wanderer, all of which derives from the Old Turkic Kazgak. A person seeking profit, a conqueror, from the verb Kazganm "to acquire, to gain," or from the verb Kazmc " to dig." This verb derives from the Proto- Turkic tsar "to dig" and the modern Turkish kazmak "to dig."

The word Kazgak, derived from the Turkish word kargak, "a breadwinner," one who acquires the means of subsistence, is also the final form that can be derived from this kar "to dig." The Proto-Turkic kargan "to earn one's living by work," "to gain profits from trade," "to strive for success," "to be successful," is also the basis for the initial

different meanings of words derived from the same verbal root, from which the word Kazak will derive . Thus, this word is, one might say, first recorded on Orkhon inscriptions in Old Turkic script, although in a somewhat later era, during the era of the Kyrgyz and Janisean, where the word " kazgak" appears, meaning one who conquers, who

gains, who achieves something. And here we can mention that in Ottoman Turkish, the words "kazak" or "kazzak" meant a bandit, both a sea pirate and a land bandit, one who prowls the roads. Kazak is therefore the name of the nationality we know in the Russian version as "Kazakh." Russians also insisted on spelling the

country's name as "Kazakhstan," although in the original it is "Kazakhstan." This change of name by Russians, which Kazakhs today greatly regret and are leading an entire campaign to restore their true and faithful name in international opinion, is related to the fact that Russians wanted to avoid the sound similarity of the Turkish Kazak nationality to the

identical-sounding name or the very similar-sounding name of the Cossacks, precisely as the Slavic troops of the Tsarist Empire. As I have already mentioned, the word "cossack" (Kazak) was first reliably attested in dictionaries from the 14th century. And in the codex Kumanicus from 1303 and in this anonymous dictionary, I have the human-Arabic meaning without

family, lonely, uprooted, without belonging, homeless, without shelter, wanderer, exile, but also free. According to one hypothesis, the original Old Turkic meaning was "one who separated from his family." As Babur's cousin, the author of Tariki Rashidi Milza Mohammad Hyder, reports, it was considered praiseworthy at the time for young men, exposing themselves to danger, to spend some time

alone, in the desert, mountains, or forests, a one- or two- month journey from inhabited areas, feeding on the meat of hunted animals and wearing the skins of animals they had killed themselves . Similarly, Zaporozhian Cossacks told Alexander Rigelman, a 10th-century Russian engineer, about the first Cossacks descended from kozars, or KZ shepherds, or KZ hunters,

who killed wild goats for their own use. This, of course, is a folk etymology linking the term "Cossack" with a goat. Anyone could become a Cossack, not only a Turk, but also, for example, a Persian, an ordinary shepherd, a nomad, or even a prince from an important dynasty. For this reason, Jalal Addin, the eldest son of Tokhtysh

Khan of the Golden Horde, and Jalaladin, who fought against the Teutonic Knights at Grunwald in 1410, were Cossacks. Abul Hair Han, founder of the nomadic Uzbeks of the Shaybanid dynasty, who lived from 1426 to 1468, may not have lived as long as he ruled during those years. His grandson Muhammad Saibani, the conqueror of Central Asia, died in 1510, or the

Chaghataid Vai, and Sultan Said Han, who ruled in Mogolistan, i.e., the quieter Central Asian region, and the Chinese province of Tsincak Uygor, reigned at the beginning of the 15th century. Sultan Hussein, on the other hand, died in 1506. Famed for his mastery of the saber among the Timurids, he spent more than a month as a Cossack. A person

who became a Cossack could then return to his former social status, as happened with the previously mentioned representatives of the dynastic elites of the time, often from the Chisidisid dynasty. Sultan Hussein and Sultan Said Khan later became rulers of their own states. Muhammad Sjbani and Zahiradin Babur, on the other hand, founded new states. Babur himself

often used the term "kazakana" in his memoirs, and is famous for leaving memoirs describing his fate and the conquest of India. He uses the term " kazakana," literally in the Cossack style, meaning modestly and simply. However, Cossacks did not always lead solitary lives. They could have companions called Kazakdash, a Cossack companion. A

Kazakdash was a person who decided to share the uncertain fate of a free Cossack. The word "kozakdash" appears in works such as "umdata" ("umdata"). Tavarich by Alhaj Abdalgavar Grimi, an author from the Crimean Khanate from the early 10th century, and in the travelogue of the renowned Ottoman traveler Evlia Çelebi. Sultanov believed that it was a word

formed analogously to words such as Jdash, meaning traveling companion; Arkadash, a companion in general; Audash, a Countryman; or Vatandasz, a Compatriot, although I admit it is difficult to find exact equivalents of this Cossack companion. In Ukrainian and Russian, however, there is a term borrowed from Turkic languages: jura, meaning squire, servant, derived from

Persian, where it originally meant companion. Due to the Turkic etymology of the word " Cossack," its dialectal variants are interesting . To this day, Cossacks of the family, unlike Cossacks of the service or reenactment groups that today attempt to reconstruct the Cossack culture, use the names "Kazar" to refer to themselves. Kazarla, [clears throat]

Kazarla, or Kazarliugi. These are all names of Turkic origin. Hence, in the 10th and 11th centuries, it was popular to derive the word " Cossacks," including the coining of these words, from the Hazara. However, the Cossacks at that time did not connect this in any way with the Judaic religion practiced by the Hazara

, but rather with the Hazara's fame as great warriors on the steppe. These are interpreted as combinations of the roots "kaz" (free) and "ar" (man). This type of term appears already in Mahmud Alkashgari's Turkish dictionary from the 10th century. Lexical equivalents of these terms also appear in various Turkic languages. Kazak in the Hakase language "Kadag"

means a guard, a post, and also the guarding of grazing ships. In Turkish, the affectionate "kadakla" means to watch over, to stand guard. In the Tuvan language, "kadar" means to graze, to guard, to wait on guard. And in the Tatar languages, "karak" and " czugaim" mean A khorach is a thief or robber.

According to the Kazakh orientalist Sultanov, before the formation of Russian Cossack troops and before the Turkish Kazak nadar took shape, a Cossack meant an outlaw living off his own sword. A Cossack was also a pioneer, an explorer, a man who set out alone on a long and dangerous journey. Babur recalled in his memoirs

that during his own Cossackhood, he decided to travel alone from the mountainous region of Macha in Tajikistan to Sultan Mahmud Khan in Mogolistan. According to Babur, a Cossack was also a brave warrior who tirelessly and courageously led away enemy herds, even if cut off from his companions. According to the Turkologist from Bashkortostan,

Rifkat Ahmetanov, the word Cossack comes from the form kazgak, originally meaning a horse that separated from the herd during its winter feeding. The root of the word is the verb kazy (to dig), from which also comes kazynu (to bury). to dawdle, to lag behind . According to other, though similar, interpretations, Cossack simply means a

free man, an independent person, an adventurer, a vagabond. Vladimir Dal's Turkish dictionary states that the term likely derives from the Central Asian kazmak, meaning to wander, to wander about. Dal defined a Cossack as a soldier-settler belonging to a separate Cossack class. However, in the Novgorod and northern Russian dialects, the word appears as a farmhand, a

hired laborer, employed for a year, not a servant. This meant a person belonging to the middle, modest, but not settled classes, which was emphasized repeatedly in Babur's memoirs. At the same time, there was a constant mixing of Turkish Cossacks with Slavs, and some even trace this mixing back to the times of the Hazara and the

later Polovtsians. Georgi Vernatsky hypothesized that the term "Cossacks" initially referred to the warriors of Lebedia, an autonomous The buffer principality of the Hungarians within the Hazar Khaganate, still located on the steppe, inhabited mainly by Slavic people and bordering the Avar Khaganate and other European countries. According to Wiernacki, the Hungarian word lebet, meaning "geese," which was the Hungarian term for "goose,"

corresponded to the Turkish word "kaz," meaning "goose." Only later was this name transferred to the entire army and population of the Hazar Khaganate. Wiernacki believed that this was the only way to explain the belief in the special authenticity of the Ruthenian Cossacks. For example, the guard of the Mongol Han of the Unen dynasty in Beijing was composed of

Ruthenians, not Turks or Mongols. This is indeed mentioned in a Chinese chronicle devoted to the Mongols of the Yuenszy dynasty. There is a belief that around 1330, this Ruthenian guard of the dynasty numbered about 10,000 men and replaced guards of other origins. guarding the Great Han. However, there is no confirmation in the sources that These were

Cossacks. They could just as easily have been people recruited from Rus' or sent as contingents by Ruthenian princes to serve the Mongols. And they, along with the Alans, were used as guards because they were ethnically completely alien to both the Mongols, the Turks, and, above all, the local Chinese, who could pose a threat to the Great Khan.

It is also known that, in addition to the constant influx of Christian Tatars into the Zaporizhzhia Cossacks, there was also close cooperation between the Zaporizhzhia Cossacks and the Crimean Tatars, which occurred, of course, mainly during Tatar revolts, the most famous being the rebellion of Bogdan Khmelnytsky. A manifestation of this cooperation was the long-term stay of

numerous Tatar detachments in Zaporizhzhia. Some of them may have even settled there. For example, the Lviv chronicle in 1637 recorded that 12,000 Tatars came under the authority of the Polish king, who were ordered to settle them across the Dnieper among the Cossacks. Thus, we have many possible etymologies for the word "koza" that

appeared in the past. However, most of these etymologies are rather fanciful, and the one I just cited, from the Turkish word "kazak," is hardly disputed today. Nevertheless, in the future, Cossacks were also derived from kozars, i.e., shepherds or hunters of the Kazakhstan, but also from the Kosogs, Kasogs, one of the Caucasian peoples

inhabiting Kazakhstan. And here it must be said that the Kasogs are an exonym, or a name from outside, given to the ancestors of modern Adyghe, or Circassians, appearing in Russian chronicles, but we also encounter this name in Arabic, Greek, Georgian, and Armenian sources. Therefore, it was a rather significant term for Circassians, and it is interesting that the

Slavic people themselves living on the border of the steppe were also called Cherkashens. This is how people who lived in Russia were referred to. They came from the Dnieper River region to settle there. Of course, the city of Cherkasy was also founded, so this could also be a very interesting question here, uh,

exploring the threads connecting the Cossacks with the Caucasian peoples, specifically the Circassians. But the name "Cossack" is also sometimes derived from the Turkish y kaz, meaning goose, or from the Mongolian language, where "ko" means "armored," "protected," and "west" means " border," so in this case it would simply be a border guard. Or from the Turkish word "zach," meaning "

free wanderer," a man without a home or property, a bandit. And this is the term accepted here today as the proper etymology. And interestingly, this word was used by a nation once called the Kyrgyz Kaysaks. Today, of course, they are called Kazakhs. In Turkestan, various tribes, not necessarily just Kazakhs, were also often referred to as Kazakhs.

This word could generally mean " guard." And among the Tatars, there was already a very specific term. A Cossack was a single, unmarried, and homeless warrior who served as an advance guard during expeditions, or performed reconnaissance and sentry duties. According to the German Slavic scholar Max Fasmer, the word "cossack" entered Polish from Ukrainian, and to

Ukrainian from Old Russian, originally meaning a farmhand. The word "cossack," in various dialectal forms, Turkic languages, and meanings, has long existed in the language and culture of various Turkic peoples of the Great Steppe. For the relatively numerous Turkic nation of Kazakhs, it represents self-sentence and is associated with the Turkic meaning of "free, independent nomad."

There were also various customs associated with this word. For example, after accompanying a relative on a long journey and parting ways with them, Siberian Tatars traditionally drink tea called Kazgak Khazai. Meanwhile, among the Nogai Tatars, there is a song genre called " Cossack songs," whose main characters are young, unmarried men performing heroic deeds.

In surviving written and oral texts of Turkic families referencing medieval events, the hero's departure for the Cossacks is a relevant plot motif. This was also true of Chingisan himself, who was also said to have retired to the Cossacks, meaning he experienced a period of hermitage and exile. For example, the Tatar-rumored work "Chyis Daftarname," or the Life of

the Ingisan, of which manuscript copies are known from the 10th century, tells the story. Chiyis's life was full of periods when things were indeed not going well for him, when he was abandoned by his entire clan, when he had to live on the steppe and subsist on fish, evidence of the great poverty

he fell into, as the nomads avoided eating fish. Nevertheless, he later managed to organize his own large horde, and some researchers, such as Lev Gumilev, point out that Chingisan's Horde was formed, of course, in Mongolia among various local tribes, clans, and families, but among his closest associates. They were not his clan at all. On the

contrary, he waged war with them. Instead, they were the so-called loose people, various kinds of free warriors who roamed the steppe and joined Chiisan, seeing in his horde the possibility of great success. Another Turkish epic, Idege, dedicated to the events of the late 14th century in the Golden Horde, recounts the intentions of the

heroes Edige and his son Nuradin to, under various circumstances, retire into the Cossacks, that is, to leave the Khan's court and conduct politics and lead an independent life. Meanwhile, in the archives of Venice and Genoa, there are mentions of Cossacks, with Turkish or Armenian names, who defended the Venetian colony and other Italian colonies on the northern

Black Sea from Tatar raids. After the dissolution of the Golden Horde, the Cossacks remaining on its territory found themselves fully independent both from the states that emerged from its dissolution, namely the Nogai Horde and the Crimean Khanate, and from the two powers in Rus' Great. The Duchy of Lithuania and the Mozgi state. The Cossacks retained

their own military organization. The origins of the Cossacks. Some researchers trace the Polovtsy, who became a real military and political force on the southern and eastern borders of Ruthenia, to the early 11th century. The Polovtsy Tatars, constituting a significant portion of the Golden Horde's population, became the ethnic ancestors of many nations that

emerged on its lands. Some Polovtsy may also have participated in shaping the proto-Cossack ethnosocial community. Researchers of the Gedza Cossacks pointed to close ties between Ruthenians and Polovtsy in border services and postal and transport duties. It can be assumed that the Cossacks arose as a result of mutual assimilation between Ruthenians and Polovtsy.

Lev Gumilev linked the ethnogenesis of the Terek Cossacks with the Christian Hazara, and considered the Cossacks as a whole to be baptized Polovtsy. Another researcher, Agijw, examining the ethnogenesis The Polovtsians came to the conclusion that the Cossacks were formed as a result of the Russification of the Polovtsians. The view of researchers who consider the Kipchak Polovtsians to be the

ancestors of the Cossacks is widespread, but not everyone accepts it. Some believe that this simply happened later, only during the times of the Golden Horde, and that the history of the Cossacks should not be moved earlier than [clear throat] to the 10th, or perhaps even the 14th century. One of the researchers of the

Kazan Khanate, Hudiakov, stated that in the military structure of this particular Kazan Khanate there were three he army consisted of people called Cossacks and were subordinated to the oglana and murza. By this feature, the military nature of their professional service, the Cossacks differed from the mass of ordinary Tatars, and because of their

importance to the state, they sometimes obtained the right to participate in Kruaj together with the oglony, for example in January 1546 and July 1551, that is, just a few years before the liquidation of this particular hanate by Ivan the Terrible. In some cases, the term Cossacks was specified. A distinction was made between

court and non-court Cossacks, or those serving at the court, in the capital, and outside the court in the villages and towns. The Tatar terms corresponding to the Russian courtly and extra-courtly terms are both internal and external. A similar structure of military organization can also be seen in other khanates established after the collapse of the Golden

Horde. The Russian researcher of the Williamites, Ziernow, writing about the Kasimov tsars, i.e. Tatars from the so-called Kasimov hanate, dependent on Moscow, explains the term Cossack appearing in documents from that time as simply an ordinary Tatar. The ordinary Tatars who came to Russia with their Tsareviches, or Chiisyni, and the ordinary Tatars of Kazan, Crimea, and so on, were

usually called Cossacks by the Russians , and they also called themselves Cossacks. The Meshchersky Cossacks, also known as the Gorodetsky Cossacks, are mentioned in documents from 1491. Their main forces were located on the border with the Nogai Tatars, including the Ryazan land and the upper reaches of the Don. In 1493, the inhabitants of Meshchera

were said to have arrived at Azov to fight the Turks. Gradually, emigrants from the Ryazian land, Kasimov Tatars and Meshchersky Tatars, began to settle on the Don and Volga rivers. These people, called Cossacks, lived in fortified towns they built on rivers and islands. Historians suppose that in 1549 the founder of the Cossack towns, or

stanitsas, on the Don was Sarman from Meshchery. The old Russian historian Tatishchev, writing about the origins of the Don Cossacks, noted: "The origins of these Cossacks were twofold. Some lived in Meshcher in small towns, and their main town was Donskoy, probably Dankov, 16 versts below Tulachi, where the Don Monastery is located today. When Tsar Ivan

IV resettled the Nogai Tatars to Meshcher, all these Cossacks-Meshcher were brought to the Don. Another researcher of the history of the Don Cossacks, Broniewski, also stated that Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich and Ivan the Terrible settled the Meshcher Cossacks on the Don , living in different towns. That is why these Meshcher Cossacks should be considered the ancestors of the

Don Cossacks. Tsar Peter I also settled some Cossacks from Meshcher to the lower reaches of the Don at the beginning of the 15th century. After the disintegration of the Uus Doge in the lands of the Mishars, i.e. Tatars Among the Christianized nations , several independent principalities emerged, including the Temnikovsky Principality, the Narovchak Principality,

Kadomo Principality, Saryklych Principality, and others, which were not incorporated into the Kazan Khanate and, from the end of the 10th century, began to come under Muscovite suzerainty. It is this population that is considered the origin of the Cossacks, at least the Don Cossacks. Russian researcher Muhamedova cites the deliberate settlement of Mishar Tatars, or

Christians, by the Muscovite government along the border lines constructed in the 15th and 10th centuries. The settlement of the Mishars was also associated with the free colonization of lands after the annexation of the Middle Volga region to the Muscovite state. In this way, the southern interfluve, the Volga and Sura rivers, and the Saratov area were settled.

Migration to the east also progressed intensively. Already in the 15th century, the local wilderness was inhabited by Mishar Tatars, or Christians. The line of barbed wire was built with existing settlements in mind. The local population was incorporated into the servile status. In addition to the servile Meshchersky Cossacks, or Tatars, there were also Cossacks

engaged in brigandage. The Meshcherskys descended down the Volga. A well-known companion of Yermak, the Cossack Ataman Matvei Meshcheryak, who conquered Siberia with Yermak, is the tsarist authorities repeatedly took action against the brigandage on the Volga and tried to attract the Volga Cossacks to their side. Forced repatriation to their former lands was often used. The

Tatar origin of the Volga Cossacks is evidenced by the fact that the tsarist voivodes officially addressed them in Tatar. Prince Odoevsky's document addressed to the Volga Tatars in 1614 was written in Tatar script and sent with a sappho translator. It was addressed to guardians of the great Russian state and the Muscovite lands, to the Volga, Terek, and

Yatsk atamans. and the Zukhs to the entire large army. The German historian Sztl pointed out that the first Russian Cossacks were baptized and Russified Tatar Cossacks, because until the end of the 10th century, all Cossacks inhabiting both the steppes and Slavic lands could only be Tatars. The influence of Tatar Cossacks on the border of the Russian lands was decisive for the emergence of the Russian Cossacks.

Tatar influence was manifested in everything: in the way of life, in the conduct of warfare, and in the methods of fighting for survival in the steppe conditions. It even encompassed the spiritual life and the external appearance of the Russian Cossacks. This is where the famous "oseledets" comes from, which in itself is such a humorous term, because it simply means a

herring. In this case, the hair, the lock [clearing of throat] of hair grown on the top of the head, which distinguished the Cossacks in early modern times. Tatars, who also settled en masse in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the turn of the 14th and 10th centuries, were socially divided into two groups: Tatars of noble

origin, who had equal rights with the nobility of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and Tatar Cossacks, who had equal rights with the service boyars. Tatar Cossacks served in the ancestral banners of Bargen, Jawair, Huszyn, Kongrad, Naiman, and UAN. The latter name is the name of the UAN military formation today. These were supra-national banners commanded by

these Tatars of noble origin, descending from the Chysyds. The early Russian historian Nikolai Karamzin wrote about the Cossacks as follows: Cossacks existed not only in Ukraine. Their name became known from history around 1517. However, it is likely that in Ruthenia it was older than Batu's invasion and referred It refers to the Torki and Berendei,

who inhabited the banks of the Dnieper below Kiev. There we also find the first settlement of the Little Russian Cossacks. The Torki and Berendei were called Cherkassians. The Cossacks were also called the same. Some of them, not wanting to submit to either the Mongols or Lithuania, lived as free people on the Dnieper islands, sheltered by

rocks, impassable reed beds, and swamps. They attracted many Ruthenians who were fleeing oppression. They mixed with them and, under the name of Cossacks, formed one people, which became completely Ruthenian all the more easily because their ancestors had lived in the Kievan lands since the 10th century and were almost Ruthenian themselves. Increasingly multiplying in numbers

and cultivating a spirit of independence and brotherhood, the Cossacks established a militant Christian republic in the southern countries along the Dnieper. They began to build settlements and fortresses on these devastated by the Tatar lands. They undertook to defend Lithuanian possessions against the Crimean Tatars and Turks, gaining particular protection from Sigismund the Old,

who granted them numerous civil liberties, along with lands located above the Dnieper rapids, where the city of Cherkasy was supposedly named after them. Attention is sometimes drawn to the existence of a Brodnik community in the steppe, a people, or perhaps an ethnosocial group of mixed Turkish-Suvenian origin, in pre-Mongol times. This community was said to have absorbed the

remnants of the Hazara, the Ogozh Turks, as well as Slavs who had arrived from the north. In this case, it is worth mentioning that during the Mongol invasion of 1223, the Brodniks sided with the Mongols against the Russian princes, leading, as some believe, to the Mongols' victory, during which they revealed many secrets related to

Russian military affairs. According to Lev Gumilev, it was from these Brodniks that the first Zanaż community of modern Cossackdom arose, initially in service to the Golden Empire. hordes. From the time of the Battle of Kalka in 1223 , which was the first Mongol reconnaissance in the west, Batuhan's actual invasion would not take place until

14 years later. Thus, the Cossacks were a group of free people who emerged on the steppes during the disintegration of the Mongol state of the Golden Horde. A similar group emerged a little further east, where, according to the Pelio field, the name Uzbek meant himself, meaning a free man. And this name Uzbek as a designation of a nation

means more or less the same as a nation of free people. as a Cossack, which can also be translated as a free man. Thus, during the disintegration of the Genghisid state, which was divided into increasingly smaller districts and finally disappeared completely. During this time, in the post-Mongol era, two communities emerged, which are recorded to this

day: the nationality of the Uzbeks, who form today's state of Uzbekistan, free people, and the Kazakhs, who form the state of Kazakhstan, also known as The same etymology from their ethnic name. However, alongside this, of course, Cossacks arose on the Slavic-steppe border, serving both the Lithuanian state and the Muscovite state, and above all,

serving themselves, because Cossacks, despite entering state service, remained free men, free adventurers, borderland inhabitants. And because of this, they caused many problems for both the Lithuanian state, later the Polish state, and the Muscovite state. In the case of the Muscovite state, various Cossack uprisings were successfully pacified. The last one was the 10th-

century uprising of Yemlian Pugachev. However, in the case of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Cossacks unfortunately contributed to the destruction and annihilation of that state. Thank you very much for your attention, and thank you very much to everyone who supports the podcast interpretations on Patronite and By Coffeitu.