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Módulo IX 2 Normas APA — Transcript · YTtoTranscript

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Módulo IX 2 Normas APA

EventuApp - Opinalia · 4,930 words · 25 min read · EN

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The module we are going to review is module nine, which is called report writing. And within this module we will review what pertains to APA standards. The achievement expectations are as follows. The purpose of this conversation is to familiarize you with all the APA style guidelines so that you can prepare your academic reports according to

international standards. We will delve into the citation and bibliographic references, as well as some important aspects of handling tables and figures. It is very important that at the end of this conversation you appreciate and value the importance of APA standards for the development of your academic projects. This is one of the most important strategies that have been

implemented to honor what is called academic honesty and thereby combat plagiarism. Let's begin. It is very important that you know that this APA standard is not the only standard that exists. There are different standards that are used even in some particular professions, such as the Vancouver standard used by health science professionals or the Ile standard

used by electrical engineering students and professionals . We are going to review the APA style guidelines because business schools and social science schools typically adopt this standard. The manual that we are going to review is the seventh edition that was published in 2019 and which I will basically address in four general lines. On the

one hand, there is the matter of the format and presentation of academic works and projects. The second line is the appointment mechanisms. The third one has to do with figures and tables. And finally, regarding how we prepare that section called the bibliography, which includes a list of bibliographic references. It is very important that you know that

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APA standards are not limited to these four aspects that I have listed. APA guidelines include other aspects such as , for example, the design of experiments, the preparation of summaries, respect for collective authorship, or the issue of how to use language to avoid racist or sexual biases. So, APA standards include many more aspects, and I

invite you to review in more detail everything that this manual offers in the future. A little bit of history. The APA standards were first published in 1929, and the group in charge of this publication was the American Psychological Association, who, being a very fertile, very prolific professional group with a great deal of

publication, generated a series of guidelines, hence its name, so that readers of scientific articles could more easily understand the content of the research they carried out. Subsequently, in this decade from 57 to 67, the activity of this guild continued around this regulation and as you will see from 1929 to date, the guidelines of this standard have continued to be

published in different formats and styles . This 2019 edition is the latest and corresponds to the seventh. As you will see, the publication of APA standards is not done annually. So we shouldn't expect this publication every year. Look, for example, 10 years passed between the sixth and seventh editions, but well, it 's always important to stay updated

and see if the regulations have changed and how they have changed. Okay, let's get started. So, regarding the general format of the works. And this general format of the works has to do, for example, with the type of paper we are going to use, in this case, the margins, which are symmetrical margins,

the use of the indentation which is equivalent to 1.27 27 cm or five tab spaces and you will see that in the writing of our paragraphs, in what we call the body of the work, this hanging indent is always applied to the first line. Similarly, when we prepare the bibliographic references, we will notice that from the second

line, the second row of the bibliographic reference, this hanging indent of five spaces is also applied. Uh, in our work, uh, for the APA guidelines, the suggestion is double-spaced line spacing, and uh, many times uh, there are some institutional criteria or the taste of each of us regarding alignment, but normally the alignment is not used in a

justified way, but rather it is left-aligned. Remember that for the writing of our academic reports, the style is always impersonal or in the third person. We don't write in the first person, but we say, for example, the sample is calculated , such and such will be done and we don't say, I'm going to do it.

Uh, the numbers are always Arabic numerals and are usually placed, uh, we start from our cover page and continue like that. The numbering is located in the upper right corner. What else about the presentation format? Well, normally the APA standard prefers the font style, the font type, Times New Roman number 12, except for the one we use in the

figures and tables. However, there are other suggestions that the AP guidelines give us about the types of fonts we can use, and I have included them here for you to keep in mind. It is important, as I have already mentioned, that you keep in mind that in the writing of paragraphs we always apply half an inch from the first line, which is equivalent to

1.2. 27 cm or five tab spaces on our first row or our first line. The only exception to this rule is in paragraphs when we use direct quotations that are longer than 40 words. But we will expand on this in the section on citation preparation. Remember that you should not leave spaces between paragraphs. Sometimes

we have the habit of putting blank spaces between paragraphs, sometimes to make the work look more voluminous, but following the APA guidelines, that is not necessary. Very well, let's always look at the format of the titles in this matter of the format of the works . So here I have listed the different levels that a title can have

. For example, when the title is the main title, this title is always centered and in bold. And you must remember that the initial letter of each word is always capitalized, just like it is here, centered title. I wrote the first two letters of the two words in the title, centered title, in capital letters. The

text, which is already beginning to be our draft of the body of work, will always start in a different paragraph. Well, another possible title we have is this one, the one we have when we have titles, a main title, for example, here the one and then the beginning the 1.1. This title will always be

left-aligned, and also in bold. And in this case, the initial letter of each word also begins with a capital letter. The text of the paragraph I am going to write will always start below, that is, in a new paragraph. And what if I have a third-level title like this 1.1.1? This text is also

left-aligned and bold, but now I'm also including italicized text. And in this case, the initial letter of each word also begins with a capital letter and the text begins in a new paragraph. What if I have a fourth-level degree? So then the number will look like this: 1.1.1.1. And here I use a half-

inch indent, bold text, and the initial letter of each word is also capitalized. But the difference with the previous three levels is that here I put a period and start my paragraph, my writing on the same line. The same applies to a fifth level of title, as you can see on this slide.

Okay, let's see what about serialization. This, which in reality is this series, we know this as I am going to list the phrases, the sentences in my writing. Well, within a paragraph, you must always keep in mind that if I am going to list items, as I did in this paragraph where I included items A, B,

C, you can see that this list is not in italics, this list is in lowercase letters and this list is always enclosed in parentheses . For example, here I wanted to use letters A, B, C, I could have used 1, two, 3, I could have used I and and and and and this, but then

that indicator is always placed in parentheses, it is not written in italics, it is written in lowercase and it is always an indicator in parentheses. However, what happens when I have broken-down conclusions or I'm going to write, for example, the steps of a procedure or I'm going to list something? Well, then I do it like this with

Arabic numerals followed by a period. The idea here is that you can list, but it is suggested that you don't just write one word, but also include at least one sentence that refers to what you are listing. What happens if the enumeration is part of the paragraph and there is no particular order as in the

previous case? It is suggested that you do not use numbers, but bullet points, as we do in PowerPoint, that you list two, three or more items that are related to a sentence and above all that you use the same bullet style in that list . Okay, let's look at another case for the format

of academic papers, of academic reports, and that is this one that refers to footnotes. These footnotes look like this example I've shown you; here's a sub-index, this index at the top that indicates the page number. In Word, you do this by inserting a footnote, and Word automatically generates the corresponding number at the bottom of the page,

giving you the opportunity to write there. How many footnotes can there be on the page? Well, as many as you want. The footnotes on the page are not in Times New Roman 12, but in Times New Roman 10. And something important that you should keep in mind is that the footnote is not used to place

bibliography. We always use footnotes to complement or expand on information that, in our judgment, is relevant to the reader. For example, you can use a footnote to provide a definition, a translation, or to make a comment. All footnotes should always be numbered consecutively, and Word will be a very important ally for you in this.

Let's look now at the second element that I chose to discuss regarding APA standards. Let's look at what the mechanisms for citation or summoning are. It is very important to remember that a quote is normally a text that we take verbatim from a source of information. The one we're going to copy and paste. In other words, a

quote is a transcription of an idea, a statement, something that someone said and that you like the way it is written. So why reinvent the wheel ? We took that entire text, copied it, and placed it as part of our academic report. Now, on this topic of quoting, it is very important to give credit to the person who

wrote what we copied. Um, it's important to keep in mind that in SAPA standards, what is always used to indicate that what we read is a quote is that at the end of the quote, a parenthesis is usually opened and there the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number (if any) are placed,

and at that moment you close your parenthesis. Now, uh, what kind of quotes can I include in my academic report? Well, there are different types of citations, there are some characteristics of the author that we must take into account, as well as some characteristics of the work. And that's what we're going to review

next. Let's see, for example, what should I quote? Well, you can cite theories or fragments of theories, very specific ideas that someone said, data, figures, statistics, or some other specific information that is not known to most people. Why is it important to cite? Well, it is very important to cite because one of the

characteristics of knowledge is that it must be verifiable. So, when you include a quote in your academic report, who reads it? You can verify if what you wrote there is true, faithful to the original, if you modified anything in that quote. Um, it's also important to cite because this is a way to avoid

plagiarism, that is, it's a way to prevent the reader from thinking that what they are reading is my own work. So, I decide to give credit to the authors of those ideas. Plagiarism, therefore, is presenting ideas, tables, figures, definitions, etc., as one's own when they are not. That is a very important reason why we

quote, because it is a way of honoring the intellectual work of others. What types of appointments can we use? Well, you know that the most recommended thing in academic reports is to use what are called direct or verbatim quotes. Uh, we can also use indirect quotes and we can also use what are called

personal communications. Regarding direct or verbatim quotations, it is very important to remember that in APA standards, direct or verbatim quotations are measured according to the number of words in the quotation. We have, for example, quotes of less than 40 words or quotes that can be longer than 40 words. Let's look at them below.

A quotation that is less than 40 words is always, always written in quotation marks and is also called an in-text quotation or a quotation within the text. This quote, which is in quotation marks, is copied, pasted, and immediately you open a parenthesis where you will include the author's last name, the year of

publication, and the page, if there is one, from where you copied that quote verbatim. Here is an example of a quote under 40 words. We counted the words in this quote. Since it is less than 40, it always has quotation marks at the beginning and end. And immediately afterwards I open the parentheses with the author's last name, the

year of publication, and the page number. Uh, I've given you a second example which is a variant. In this one, for example, I have included the author's last name and the year of publication as part of the text. So, notice that at the end of the quote, the only thing I have put

in parentheses is the page number. What happens when the quote is longer than 40 words? Well, that type of quote is characterized by not using quotation marks. It creates a sort of block of text, imagine it like a little brick that is independent of the previous text. And this text has a French indent applied, which is

half an inch, 1.27 cm, five tab spaces. And this is how the reference should look , that is, the parentheses with the author's last name, the year of publication and the page are always placed after copying the quote. You can see in this example how in the first line of my paragraph I used a hanging indent and then

immediately afterwards comes the direct quote. I have applied this 1.27 and what follows is the author's last name , the year of publication and the page. This type of citation, this second type of citation which is the indirect citation, is not recommended much in academic reports because this type of indirect citation is when we

interpret what the author writes, but the truth is that in an academic report, unless it is an essay, it is not important that you paraphrase, because this citation is also called paraphrase, it is not important that you paraphrase the author. Therefore, this citation is unusual in academic reports and is characterized by the fact that it is

not written in quotation marks, nor is it included in a separate paragraph. This is good, of course, if you mention the author's last name, the date, and the year. And here I have given you an example. This appointment is a little more flexible. So, for example, since there isn't a specific page from which I

copied the idea, but rather I'm interpreting the author's ideas, that's why I only refer to this fourth paragraph. So, it 's important that you keep that in mind as well. Let's see what happens with personal communications. This type of personal communication refers, for example, to letters, emails, text messages, messages that we share on,

for example, WhatsApp, uh, messages, um, live speeches, personal interviews, especially materials, for example, also those that are not recorded or that are part of what we call oral tradition. Therefore, these personal communications are never included in the list of bibliographic references because they are not published. Remember that in the list of bibliographic references

we will only put, first, the publications that we consulted to do our work, our academic report, and then what the reader can verify. So if this isn't published, then it can't be verified, and this is what a quote from a personal communication would look like. Okay, let's look at another type of citation, for

example, according to the author's characteristics. Look, for example, at these other styles. When there is an author, I put the author's last name, the year, and the page number in parentheses. For example, what happens when there are two authors? Well, there are surnames separated by the letter I. When there are more than three

authors, the expression "it all" is used, which in Latin means "and the others." What happens, for example, when the author is not a person, but rather an institution, a government institution? Um, for example, here in our country, UNICEF, well, it's not a publishing house, it's not an author, but it's a group, an

international institution, or for example when Unitec publishes or the Central Bank of Honduras publishes, it's not exactly individuals who publish, but this is also called a corporate author. And it is placed like this, in parentheses, the name of the institution. Here would go UNICEF or Uniteco, BCH, Central Bank of Honduras, always followed by the year of publication and

the page. And what happens when there is no author in the publication? Well, I would say, look, when there is no author in the publication, ideally you should not use that source, but if it is very important for you to use it even though there is no author, remember that you put the

first two words of the title and follow them with three dots. This is how APA guidelines suggest we treat these types of sources when there is no publication. Well, I hope all this information is useful to you and helps you to perform better on all your reports and academic work. Finally, to conclude with the

quotes, let's see what happens if we consider the characteristics of the work. I might have, for example, classic works that have no date. For example, this is a book by Aristotle, it wasn't published by a publishing house, the date is estimated, but we're not certain. So, normally all these types of classic works have

been translated. So I can put the author's last name and I can say that it has no date. And if it were a translated work, I would put the name of the author, Aristotle, the uh uh this expression trad which indicates translation, is the abbreviation of the translation and the year of the translation. What happens, for

example, if what I have are internet sources? So, here we use the number of paragraphs. If, for example, I have a communication that comes from the internet, and what happens when the characteristic of the work is that it is a law, or for example, as I put here, the Constitution of the Republic, how do I put

this, right? So here you will have this material with all these examples. Well, we're still moving forward. Let's move on to the treatment of figures and tables. It is very important to remember that all these APA style guidelines, as the saying goes, practice makes perfect, and surely as you apply all these regulations and guidelines in the preparation of your

academic reports, you will surely get better and better at it . You do n't have to memorize all of this. The manual is available; you can access the network, browse, search for it, locate it, and download it. And they don't need to memorize this. As you implement it, you will see that you develop more

skill. Okay, but it's important that everyone keeps these guidelines in mind . Okay, let's see what happens with the figures and tables. Well, it's very important that you can differentiate a figure from a table. This image I have here is what we would call a graph. The problem is that APA style guidelines don't include graphs,

only figures and tables. And everything that is not a table, well then it is a figure. This is a figure. And you will see that the figures always have the label and the figure number. The label is this one that says figure and the number is placed in Arabic and of course it is progressive.

1 2 3 etc. Um, the figures also have a title, and we are always advised that this title should be self-explanatory, that is, a title that refers to the content of the graph. And normally this title is placed in italics, as you can see here. Finally, we have, well, of course, the image of the figure and, uh, the last

element is what is called the note. Notice that the word "note" is written in italics, and the rest of the text is not. Well, this is what refers to the figures. So what happens? What else about the figures? Well, I was saying that according to APA standards, what is not a figure is a table. So

what else can a figure be? Of course, a graph, a map, a photo, a logo, an imagotype, illustrations, a caricature— all of these are graphic elements that are considered figures in APA standards. What else do I need? Keep this in mind, as it is very important in the text to refer to the figures and also

to the tables that you will include at some point in the text, saying "see figure one" or "see table number four". That's very important because you will guide the reader towards what is important to you as the author. Uh, well, very good. Tables and graphs can appear throughout the text, or you can choose to

place them at the end of the document. There will likely be institutional guidelines on this matter at the university where you study, and there will also be some personal criteria. So you're going to take all of this into account. Okay, now let's talk about the tables. Tables, unlike figures, are characterized by the fact that tables

generally show values. Sometimes those values are numbers. or sometimes they are letters or sometimes they are also alphanumeric. So, tables are usually characterized by being made up of columns and rows. And just like the figures, there is a label and a table number, there is a descriptive title, the table content, and finally the

note. Remember that in the case of tables, each column eh of the tables must include a header. For example, here they put the year because the two columns, these two columns that have the years 2018 and 2019, clearly refer to the year, but not necessarily. So in tables, columns always have a name, although that name can also be

shared as in this example. And look at the first column, the name of the column is type of violence and there the types of violence are listed . It is also important to keep in mind that tables should always have a row where the total of what is being represented in that table is recorded.

Well, for the tables you should always keep in mind the following issues. The table content is always written in single line spacing, which is number one of the line spacing. Vertical borders are not used to separate the data. The app also does not recommend using borders around each cell or table. Um, it is recommended, for example, a range

of colors in shades of gray or in soft colors so that you can distinguish, uh, for example, the lines, um, the minimum you should use for the text size is size 10, font 10. And well, um, number, always remember to number the figures, the tables with Arabic numerals and always in ascending order.

If a table is longer and you need more than one page to fit it, it is recommended that on the next page you rewrite the table headers and then format the table to continue on the next page. Always remember to move your table from one page to another. You must repeat the headings.

Well, we're getting closer to the end. We are nearing the end of this fourth element, which is the bibliographic references. You must remember that these bibliographic references constitute that section which we generally call the bibliography. Except that in APA it's a little different because we don't actually have a bibliography list, but rather a list of

what is known as cited literature. What is cited literature? It is a list of all the publications, all the sources of information that you used to prepare your academic report. That's called cited literature. Whereas in the bibliography you can place a list of bibliographic references that you did not necessarily consult to do that work

and that, above all, you did not need to cite in the body of the work. It is very important to always keep in mind that the list of bibliographic references is placed in alphabetical order, considering the author's last name, the author's name when it is a person, or the corporate author's name if it is

a public or private institution. From the second line onwards in the bibliographic reference, we always leave a hanging indent which can be 1.27 cm, half an inch or five tab spaces. Always start references on a new page after the text. This means that once you have finished writing your academic report, the page

where you will place the cited literature or bibliographic references is always written on a separate sheet. All authors that you include in that list of bibliographic references must appear in the body of the work. In other words, remember that we are only going to list the sources or publications that we cite in the text. That is one of the

guidelines offered by the APA standards. In other words, an author that you have not cited should never appear in that list of bibliographic references. Let's see what else regarding bibliographic references. These bibliographic references have four fundamental elements. The author, that is , who is responsible for the document, the date the document was published,

the title, that is, the name of the document, and the source. Where can I retrieve this document? Is it an editorial? Is it a website? Is a URL an email address? What is it? Given that there are so many sources of information that you can now use to write an academic report— social media, websites, movies,

songs, speeches, scientific articles, books, statistics, and so on— since there are so many sources you can use, the recommendation, or at least the advice I give you, if you'll allow me, is that you prepare your bibliographic references using the APA style manual. Don't try to memorize all the data and the order in which you should place the data

for each type of bibliographic reference, because you will get frustrated, and it will seem tedious. As I have said, as you practice creating citations and references, you will see that you gain competence to be able to do it successfully. So in the meantime, don't memorize, use the manual and apply the guidelines that the

APA standards offer for each type of publication. Well, it's important to know that this guide, this series of slides, this presentation that I've prepared, was adapted from the contents of the seventh edition of the app's style manual. Here is the email address. from the APA website, from APA Style. And I also want to tell you that I used

this publication as a basis, which is a manual, a synthesis of the manual published by the Javerian Writing Center of the Pontifical Javeriana University of Colombia, from its headquarters in Cali. They published it in 2020 and it is a summary of this seventh edition. You can find it very easily by browsing the internet. Well, it's been a pleasure.

I hope that all this information I've shared about APA guidelines is very useful to you, and above all, that you internalize this good habit of writing to honor the authors of the ideas, having academic honesty, and saying no to plagiarism. Thank you very much and I hope you are all well. See you

later.