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ICVEE 2026 — Transcript · YTtoTranscript

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ICVEE 2026

Official Unesa · 22,374 words · 112 min read · EN

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[music] Heat. [music]

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Heat. Heat. Heat. [music] [music]

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[music] the real [music] [music] [music]

>> [music]

[music] >> Lucky [music] mobile

[music] marketplace. Let's join.

[music]

[music]

>> [music] >> Heat. Heat.

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>> [music] [music]

[music] >> Evil Here's the real mobile. [music]

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>> [music] [music]

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>> Good morning and welcome. Welcome to Grand Swiss Bell Hotel, DHMO, Surabaya for the opening ceremony of NIN International Conference on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering ICV 2026. This event sponsored by engineering faculty of UNESA and ILE E CityO. also supported by Pepel and Nusantara Power. We would like to convey our very warm

welcome to our excellent keynote speakers, Associate Professor Ahmed Jamal Alapuri from Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, APU Malaysia. Professor Soji Kasahara from Nara Institute of Science Technology, Japan. Professor Dr. Sadi Ula, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. The chair of ILE E City So Dr. Sri Trusta Sukari Doto Vice Director 3 for research innovation

ranking publication and the science centers represented on this occasion by Dr. Praini Puspitaning Aayou the dean of faculty of engineering at UNESA professor Dr. Dr. Suparji the vice dean of the faculty engineering at UNESA professor Agus head of scientific publication and journal development subdirectorate Dr. Bern I'm sorry Dr. Binar Kornia Prahani, distinguished head of study program in

electrical engineering and informatics cluster, the general chair of ICVE 2026, Professor Nurh Hayati and all participants.

It is truly an honor to welcome you today and I'm Namira Rojana the master of ceremony for this conference. In this forum we share knowledge, foster connection, inspire invitation, inspire innovation and create meaningful collaboration in line with the theme of our ICV 2026. advancing intelligent technologies and vocational engineering for sustainable infrastructure and communities.

This conference will feature presentation by international speakers with cutting ages session topics and please give a round applause for this prestigious events. Moving on, ladies and gentlemen, before we start the opening ceremony of ICVE 2026, let us stand to sing the national anthem of Indonesia, Indonesia, followed by Mars Unessa. Ladies and gentlemen, please rise.

[music] Indonesia. [singing] [music]

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[music] [singing] of glory [singing and music] come [singing] in. [music] Indonesia. [singing] [music]

[music and singing] [music and singing] [music]

>> [music] >> We put up [music] [singing] [music] [singing]

>> [music]

[music] >> All [singing] your

>> [music] >> Heat. Heat. [music] [music] Imag. [music]

[music]

Thank you. Ladies and gentlemen, you may be seated. To seek the blessing for today's conference, we invite Dr. Rivki Fermania to lead us an opening prayer. To do Dr. Rifki, time is yours.

Ibu. Ladies and gentlemen, let us take a moment in prayer asking for blessing and guidance from Allah so that this activity may run smoothly, effectively and bring benefit for all of us. Alhamdulillah.

Allah, we ask you for benefial knowledge, good provision and accepted deeds.

Ya Allahman, teach us what will benefit us. Benefit us with what you have taught us and increase us in knowledge. All

ya Allah show us the truth as truth and grant us the ability to follow it and show us falsehood as falsehood and grant us the ability to avoid it. Ya Allah, we ask you to bless the this activity. Make this activity a source of benefits for all of us.

Alhamdulillah.

Thank you Mr. Dr. Rifki Fermana. To start the opening, we would like to invite the general chair of ICVE 2026 to the podium to deliver an official report of the conference. Please welcome Professor Nurh Hayati. Time is yours. [music]

[music]

Uh dear ladies and gentlemen, as General Taylor, it is my great pleasure to extend a warm welcome to all of you to the the ninth international conference on vocational education and electrical engineering ICV 20 and 26 center on this year theme advancing intelligent technologies and focus. ational engineering for sustainable infrastructure and communities. The

conference continues to receive a remarkable positive response from researchers, scientists, students and professional worldwide. Each year we are honored to receive numerous highquality paper submission from across the globe. ICV is joint organized and sponsored by the faculty of engineering universa together with the ITE consumer technology society a chapter Indonesia uh providing strong foundation to bridge

industry and academia we receive over 196 submission from authors and co-authors representing a diverse range of countries including Japan, Philippine, Thailand, Australia, UK UK, Malaysia, Taiwan, Morocco, China, German, Iran, France, Russia and India. Following a rigorous peer review process in which its manuscript was carefully evaluated by our reviewers, 117 papers were accepted reflecting an

acceptance rate uh of uh 50%. The distribution of their acceptance are engineering education 27 papers electrical and power system seven papers electronic seven papers informatic engineering 35 papers instrumentation and control six papers intelligent computing and smart application 11 papers AIdriven intelligence system uh 15 papers telecommunication uh nine papers on this occasion we would like to

express our deepest appreciation to all the authors who have contributed their research to ICV 2026. We are equally in depth to the technical program committee and our esteemed reviewers who generous invest their time and expertise to provide valuable feedback and constructive suggestion to improvement. Uh we extend our sinc gratitude to the faculty of engineering universities

ngris raaya and IA consumer technology. Uh we offer our warm appreciate to the dedicated organ organizing committee and all who contribute to the success of this event. ICV serve a wonderful forum for participant to refresh their knowledge and explore technology in innovation. It also facilitate the latest development in engineering, education and related technology. We have st to

offer abundant network opportunity allowing you to connect interact with leading scientists, researcher, friends and colleagues. I sincerely hope that you find the conference intellectual, rewarding and you stay in shaya both memorable and enjoyable. Uh thank you very much.

>> [music]

>> Thank you very much professor Nurh Hayati. Now we would like to invite the chair of ITLE eciso to give a welcoming speech. Please welcome Dr. Sri Trusta Sukari Dito. I'm sorry Dr. Sri Trusta Sukarid doto time is yours. [music]

Okay. Uh distinguished keynote speakers, Professor Jawang and respected committee members, honorable guests, researcher and fellow participant. Good morning and very warm welcome to the 2026 ITE International Conference on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering SVE 2026. Okay. On behalf of the ITE e consumer technology society CTO Indonesian chapter is an absolute honor and pleasure to welcome you all for

today as a pro technical sponsor of the this distinguished gathering. Okay. Citizel technological innovation that enrich everyday human life. As we gather to share breakthrough and inspire new idea. I would like to highlight two vitals perspective for the this conference. The first is the championing the student participant portatorships and in this conference I hope that we

can encourage also for the students to write a good paper in this conference because I think we can engage our uh strength in the research field. And then the second one and also I want to like I want to ask the in here that this conference is good for training especially for the lecturers researchers

to increase the quality of the paper and also the research. I hope with this ICV we can get that all the benefits. Okay. and let us maximize this forum to exchange contractive insight, challenge our assumptions and foster meaningful cross international collaboration. And then I extend our deepest appreciation to the organization committee. congratulate for this nice

and very amazing conference and then committee reviewers, session chairs and also the authors who have worked tirelessly to make this conference in a reality. May ICV 2016 be an inspiring, productive and memorable experience for everyone. Please enjoy this conference. Thank you. Play. [music]

Thank you for the opening address. Dr. Sri Trusta Sukari Doto. Moving on, ladies and gentlemen. The opening ceremony of ICVE 2026 will be officially opened by vice director of research innovation ranking publication and science center of UNESA Dr. Bambang Siguito on behalf of him let's welcome Dr. Time is yours. [music]

Distinguished keynote speaker, Professor Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al- Givori, the chair of ILE E City sock, Dr. Trust Sukaridoto, the Honorable Dean of Faculty of Engineering, Professor Superari, Vice Dean, Professor Agusiono, and study program coordinators within the faculty of engineering. also our beloved chair of ITE ICVE 2026 Professor Nurh Hayatti fellow academics researchers and participants joining us

both onsite and online.

First, I would like to appreciate the faculty of engineering for their sustained dedication in organizing ICVE for the ninth consecutive time. This consistency reflects a strong institutional commitment to advancing knowledge in vocational education, electrical engineering and informatics. I am also proud to note that ICVE has been published in ITLE E explore for the

past six consecutive years. A track record that speaks to the quality and international standing for this conference that is built over time. This year, September 2026, we are honored that UNESA has recorded over 1,000 new Scopus index documents, bringing our total for 7,200 publications with over 35,000s of citations. Thus, conferences like ICVE are exactly

the kind of platform we need to maintain where ideas are discussed, challenged and shared across borders. Ladies and gentlemen, in recent years, sustainability has become one of the most urgent and fastest growing research trends. This year's theme, advancing intelligent technologies and vocational engineering for sustainable infrastructure and communities, speaks directly to the challenges of our time. Intelligent

systems are a key driver of modern infrastructure for sustainable communities and intelligence systems are born from electrical engineering and computer science. This conference then offers a timely space to reflect, share and collaborate towards solutions that are both innovative and sustainable. Made possible by our distinguished keynote speakers who bring their global expertise today. Presenters who be

brings their outstanding works and also the committee who works hard and full of dedication for this conference. Thus I hereby declare the Ninth International Conference on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering ICVE 2026 officially open. Thank you very much and I wish you all a productive conference.

>> [music]

>> Thank you Dr. Praini Puspitaning Aayou for the remarkables opening ceremony. Ladies and gentlemen, this year marks the third time of ICVE and ILTLE E City Soap to collaborate in organizing a conference. As a recurring partner, ILE E City So would like to give a warming gift to the ICVE committee. We will now invite

Professor Superarji, Professor Norhayati and Dr. Sri Tusta Sukari Doto to join us on stage for the handover of gift from city sock to the ICV general chairs.

Heat. Heat.

Okay. Uh please remain on stage. And now to formally acknowledge our distinguished keynote speaker, we would like to invite Professor Ahmed Jamal to come to the stage and professor Surupji. We invite Professor Supaji to please come forward and present a token of appreciation to associate professor Ahmed Chama.

Okay, beforehand we would like to take a photo. We invite We kindly invite our honorable keynote speaker to come back to the stage to take a photo together alongside with Dr. Prainiing [music] Aayou the faculty leaders all the propressors and all the study program coordinators. Please join us on stage to take a photo.

Okay, let's take a photo together on a count of three. 3 2 1

3 2 1.

Okay, please remain on stage beforehand because we would like to ask you to turn around and face the screen to take a photo together with audience.

Okay, for audience ladies and gentlemen, everyone please stand up. We will take the photo group session.

Okay. On the count of three. 3 2 1. Okay.

Thank you. >> Thank you very much ladies and gentlemen and thank you so much for the honorable guest and please return to your seat followed by all the audience.

Ladies and gentlemen, before we proceed to our keynote session, let's take a short coffee break to refresh ourself. We invite you to enjoy the refreshment served just outside in this hall and please be back in your seat by 9:30 as our keynote session will begin promptly at that time. Thank you very much.

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majestically in a city of heroes to become a place for champions. Embracing all societies, creating a cultured campus, preserving the work of the nation's [music] ancestors. Striving for achievement, igniting the fighting spirit of competition.

Born from the basis of education and [music] science, Universaya is now increasingly independent by earning the status of legal entity [music] university. Having established five campuses in East Java that are integrated, UNESA is ready [music] to reach various groups to be able to pursue higher education. UNESA campus 1 is located on Katintang Suraya.

There are six faculty [music] buildings which include faculty of mathematics and natural [music] sciences, faculty of engineering, faculty of economics [music] and business. Faculty of social science and political science. Faculty of law and faculty of vocation. [music] Campus 2 Unessa is located on Lida Surabaya with seven main buildings including the retro building,

the educational institution [music] and professional certification building, language center, integrated service unit, recognition of prior learning center, teacher professional education center, professional certification center and five faculty buildings. which include Faculty of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Languages and Arts, [music] Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty [music] of Psychology, Professional Education,

as well as a [music] graduate school. Two other campuses are spread across [music] East Java. Faculty of food security located on campus 3 Unessa on Professor Dr. Mustapo Street, Surabaya. Campus 4 UNESA is located on Bidangan [music] Sidujo as well as campus 5 UNSA located in Makatan, East Java.

Having accredited institutionally superior, UNESA continues [music] to improve the quality of internationally standardized study programs through ASEN Aqua and [music] FIBA accredititations. Improving rankings at national [music] and international levels. Unlas de Rabaya also develops a variety of research and innovative products. [music] Home of outstanding champions, ONESA is a vessel for the exploration of the

development of soft skills and [music] hard skills, partnering with various parties both on national and international scales.

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>> Standing majestically in a city of heroes to become a place for champions. Embracing all societies. Creating a cultured campus. Preserving the work of the nation's ancestors. Striving for achievement. Igniting the fighting spirit of competition.

Born from the basis of education and science, Universaya is now increasingly independent by earning the status of legal entity [music] university. Having established five campuses in East Java that are integrated, UNESA is ready to reach various [music] groups to be able to pursue higher education. Unessa campus 1 is located on Katintang [music]

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professional certification building, language center, integrated service unit, recognition of prior learning center, teacher [music] professional education center, professional certification center and five faculty buildings. which include [music] Faculty of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Psychology, Professional Education, as [music] well as a graduate school.

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Having accredited institutionally [music] superior, UNESA continues to improve the quality of internationally standardized study programs through ASEN [music] Aqua and FIBA accredititations. Improving rankings at national [music] and international levels. Universaya also develops a variety of research and innovative products. [music] Home of outstanding [music] champions, UNESA is a vessel for the exploration of

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[music] >> Ladies and gentlemen, we have now arrived at the highly anticipated keynote speak session. Today we are honored to have three outstanding keynote speaker sharing their insight with us. To ensure a seamless and interactive session, we have a distinguished moderator with with us today. Let me introduce Miss Farhana Marie who will be guiding this session.

introduction I'm sorry introduction our speaker in detail and facilitating the Q&A session to Miss Farhana the time is yours Heat. [music]

Heat.

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. We now move on to the first keynote sessions. Our first keynote speaker is Professor Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Alburi from Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. Please give a warm welcome to Pro Ahmed Jamal. Please forward come to the stage. [music]

>> [music]

>> Before we begin, allow me to briefly introduce him. Associate Professor Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Alburi is an associate professor at the Strategic Research Institute, Asia Pacific University, Koala Lumpur, Malaysia. His research interest include antenna design, meta materials and meta surfaces, microwave imaging and sensors as well as the integration of machine learning into 5G

and sub6 gigahertz communicance systems. In 2023 until 2025, he was recognized among the world's top 2% scientists by Stanford University as published by Elsavier. An outstanding achievement that reflects his significance to the field. On this occasions, he will be speaking on intelligent antenna technologies for sustainable 6G and smart communities. Professor, we have allocated 45 minutes

for these sessions, 30 minutes for your presentations and then we um followed by 50 minutes for question and answer. Professor, the time is yours.

test. Okay. All right. So, assalamu alaykum and good morning everyone. So, it's a great pleasure to be here with you in Sarabaya for ICV 2026. I would like to sinclyely thank the organizing committee for inviting me to deliver this keynote speech today. In particularly I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Subari the conference patron

and also I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Agus the conference director and also special thanks go to Prof. Dr. Norhayati the general chair for inviting me and making my traveling from Malaysia to Surabaya easy and smooth. And also my thanks go to all distinguished members for the organizing commit and of course I must not forget

to thank all of the researchers here academics participants for being here today. Today I would like to talk about the future of wireless communication. We will look at why we need 6G terraertz and why antenna technology will play a major role in this future. I will also discuss how intelligent antenna, advanced materials,

sensing and artificial intelligence can help us build a smarter and more sustainable wireless system. So before we get started, I would like just to give uh an explanation about where I'm working now. Basically now I'm working in as associate professor at Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation. So APU University APU is located in

Koala Lambor in the her of Koala Lambor Malaysia. So in APU we have more than 12,000 students and also we have students from more than 100 nationalities. So almost 130 nationalities in my class when I go to the class uh I cannot even imagine one time I will have students from Zimbabwe for example,

South America. So in APU the variety of students is really amazing. And also in terms of QS ranking, APU now rank 528 in in in in QS ranking and and also uh uh uh we are receiving the five-star the first university in Malaysia receiving fivestar plus in terms of related to the excellence in

teaching, employment, facilities and international. Okay. For me I am working in SRRI strategic research institute at the same time I'm teaching at the facult at the faculty. So basically my my my uh my role working on research and development. Okay. All right. Okay. So this is my major of experience my major of interest. uh uh uh I'm

working on antennas and also I'm working on advanced materials such as graphine uh meta service and recently of course there is no choice we need to integrated AI and machine learning so I'm using AI and machine learning to predict the antenna or sensor parameters okay in terms of my research as an academic and

research This is my scopus profile. So you can see uh my uh number of document citation and aendex in based on on on scholas. Okay. For three years I have received the top two person uh by Stanford University and also recently I received the top five person. Okay. So this is just briefly.

So today I'm going to talk about the intelligent antenna technology for sustainable 6G and smart communities. All right. The wireless the wireless world is changing. So means means that the wireless communication system is changing every single day. So previously we have the bus station and we have in every city we have the towers too many

towers. The antennas will be placed on the towers. Of course everybody you see there is a big towers and the antennas is attached to the towers. Then the signals will transfer to the bus station and then the internet will be separate out to the cities. Nowadays we have artificial intelligence, we have AI. AI

can connect the devices. AI can connect autonomous system for example EV cars, drones and so on. AI can connect the smart healthare system. All of these devices or all of these application required high communication system. But the futures require more. We are talking about 6G. 6G is not about the fast version of 5G.

6G will combine intelligence, AI, sensing. Okay. So what do we expect from 6G? This is very important question. What is the expectation from sixth generation? What is the need for 6G? All right. So future application need more than faster internet as I just mentioned. So basically the terahertz terraertz frequency will be involved in the 6G application. So for

5G we normally deal with the gigahertz but with 6G we will deal with the uh terraertz. Okay. So TBBS class links the first we need means that we need terraertz one terz equal to 100 ghahz. Okay. Then ultra low latency. This is very important for 6G. We need to make the delay very minimum.

Okay, for example, we have the sender and we have the receiver. So, we need to make the delay as minimum as we can. Why? Because we are talking about 6G, super fast internet, super wide Wi-Fi. Expected. Expected, huh? Expected. Okay. So then we need AI native networks. What does it mean? 6G will expect it to have AI not

implemented. No, it will be essential in the 6G. So for 5G we implement AI. We try to use AI but for 6G will be part of the complete system. So AI will be one of the major parts in 6G wireless communication. Okay. So sensing and localization also will be used definitely for 6G for hospital for

application autonomous EV cars and many other new application. So basically the message here is 5G connected devices but 6G will connect intelligence. All right. So before that we need to understand the the change the revolution of the wireless communication system. So we start first start we start with the satu gi 1g. So the first g was established in 1980.

So 1980 in 1980 I was not born. [laughter] So it's about 46 years ago. the first G was established. Okay. So in 1G we cannot do internet, there is no Wi-Fi, there is no video, there is no Tik Tok of course, right? So in first G we only can use the uh call.

I think that hokeie call just very basic and minor talk. Okay. So then 10 years later we move to the 2G. So in 19 90 the 2G is arrive. Okay. So in 1990 we can use uh the messages we can text we can say send message to each other you know hi salam then with some the

other can reply. Okay then 10 years back also we at 2000 the game changing. This is the the revolution of the wireless communication 3G. 3G was announced in 2000. So in 3G we can use the internet, we have uh access to the email, uh we can login to the Facebook. Okay. So yeah, this is gamechanging. We can

use the the the internet. So then 10 years later in 2010 the 4G has arrived in 4G we can use Facebook right can use Facebook we can use also broadband we can use our phone to open internet in our phone right so this is the 4G so then 10 years later in 2020 the 5G has arrived

Okay. And in in in in in 5G we can use the YouTube very fast. We can do broadcasting Netflix too many fast communication we can utilize. Okay. So if you see the history every 10 years we have a new G right. So every 10 years so the expected 6G will be established in 2030

inshallah. Okay. So 2030 uh we supposed to have the 6G. Okay. So 6G 6G will be different. 6G will be not like 5G. We cannot compare 6G to 5G. 6G is not about faster version of 5G. 6G will be intelligence will be integrated AI. AI will be essential for 6G application. In 6G we will use the sensing and also

we'll be localizing localizing the cars, subjects even people. Okay. So 6G is not faster. 6G is smarter. All right. But at the same time now I'm we are talking about sweet talk. Oh 6G will be amazing. 6G will be fast. But at the same time there is a drawback. There's a problem. What's the problem?

The problem is the spectrum, the bandwidth. We don't have enough bandwidth for 6G. Okay? For example, in Malaysia, as I'm working in Malaysia, we have allocated frequency for 5G. So, the 5G uh in Malaysia is 3.5 GHz. I'm not sure. In Indonesia, same 3.5. Yeah. So in in in Malaysia 3.5 GHz for 5G uh 2.4 will be for Wi-Fi

correct 2.4 before and we have sub6 GHz which is mean 6 GHz and uh ba below. [laughter] Okay. So then we have the Xband. Xband will be from 8 GHz up to 12 GHz. Then we have the H C band from 12.5 until 18 if I'm not mistaken. Then we have the KU

band from 18.5 up to 26 GHz. So you can see all the low frequency is already allocated. So what's the solution for 6G? So for 6G we need to move at Yeah. We need to move to the high frequencies. Right. Exactly. So we we we need to move to high frequencies to make the 6G.

moving to high frequencies would has a significant advantages. Why? Because moving high frequencies the wavelength in in in telecommunication engineering already know exactly for high frequencies the wavelength will be short. So when the wavelength will be short or small means that we can get a very small compact uh devices super cachil right [laughter]

very small devices we can get when when we use to high frequencies high frequencies I'm talking about 60 GHz and above okay so uh highspeed video uh when we when we move to high frequencies the high speeded video will be amazing and very very fast. Uh millions millions of devices, millions of sensors will be

expected to be connected together in 6G. So the network will be very crowded and the interference will be high. So that's why we move to the high frequencies. Okay. Then lower bands are already already discussed. So we will move to from sub6 GHz which is uh 6 GHz and below we will move to millimeter wave

and sub subter and terahertz band. All right. So 6G needs more bandwidth. 6G need more spectrum because the the lowest frequency already book already allocated by many many application. All right. All right. So now we are talking about terahertz. What is the what is the terz frequencies? What is the band? Now everybody asks what is the frequency

band for terahertz. So this is the you can see the graph. From the graph we have the electronic band, we have the terraertz gap and we have the photonics. So today we will focus on the terraertz frequencies. So from the right side we have the IR which is the infrared and from the left

side we have the millimeter wave frequencies. Okay. So the terahertz will be in the center. The frequency allocated for terz is between 0.1 up to 10 terz. Okay. So if you want to convert from terraertz to gigahertz. So 0.1 will be equal to 100 gahhertz. So if you want to work in the in the six

g 6G you need to start working from 100 gigahertz. So no more 3.5 no more five no more 10 and actually this is very big challenging. Yeah I just pre before enter was was discussed. Yeah because the challenging is how to fabricate. So nowadays most of the research of the researcher including me working on 6G we

are doing based on simulation only because the devices very very expensive for 6G. Yeah. And even for millimeter wave is expensive. So in my university we have uh VNA vector network analyzer uh the VNA is working from zero to 20 GHz. So already cover the 5G the Xband C band so can you imagine if you move to 100.

So this VNA I think very very expensive. Plus uh we need the anaconic chamber to measure the radiation of the antenna. Is it is it okay to use for human purpose? Okay. Yeah. So this is really really challenging. I'm not sure in Indonesia if there is any lab for high frequencies. Uh in Europe I have I have

a few colleagues in Manchester University. Manchester University they already established the terraertz lab. Yeah. And also terraertz lab is not about only the equipment. So now we are talking about the very miniaturized devices very small devices. So do you think if you want to fabricate the small devices you can just enter the

lab? No. You need to have suit you know isolated suit because small dust very small dust will affect the sensor or antenna performance. So this is we call the green lab. So there is one lab we call green lab need to establish only for this small sensor devices. So it's very it's a bit complicated needs takes time.

Okay. All right. So, terraertz bands offer wide bandwidth already agree very large and wide bandwidth and it will be ultra fast links of course very high data rates. We can send and receive data very fast [snorts] and high resolution sensing. Imagine this is will be very beneficial for medical application. If anyone you know the hospitals

nowadays using remote remote surgery. So this is will be very good for the remote surgery there is no delay. Okay. So the doctor can go to the room do the surgery without any delay. Okay. This is will be very very helpful. Okay. And then as I mentioned compact arrays we expected to have very small and

compact devices. All right. So but terraertz difficult so that's why antennas become a major in terahertz system okay so this one oh

All right. Sorry. Okay. As I mentioned the the terraertz band from 0.1 up to 10 GHz. So small wavelength uh means that the the antenna will be very small. Uh just to define the wavelength in case nobody knows wavelength is the distance that the frequency or the wave travel. So for example I want to go from Soraya

to to Qualamur. So how many kilometers this is by human by driving or by walking in in communication we called wavelengths is the distance. Okay. Distance of the wave. Okay. Large antenna arrays and narrow. All right. Okay. So we we need antenna. We need antenna working on terraertz frequencies. Okay. What is antenna?

So antenna just small definition or brief explanation for those who don't know what's antenna. Antenna is a device send and receive electromagnetic waves. Right bro. [laughter] Okay. So is a device send and receive electromagnetic waves or signals. So antennas can be seen in our daily lives. Mobile phone has antenna, laptop has antenna. So to establish any

communication device you need antenna because without antenna we cannot establish the uh communication system. All right. So the expected that we design antenna using certain software and this antenna must be working on terahertz frequencies. All right. So uh uh the antenna must be uh uh uh uh design and the antenna will be solved a bit

challenging because [snorts] uh just now I mentioned that we will have a very fast and long bandwidth right but at the same time this long bandwidth we will have a weak signal so if the cable is too long means that the signal will be very weak right so that's why we need to provide antenna with high

gain So antenna with high gain can be strength the signal. So the signal will be much stronger if we can provide antenna with high gain. Okay. So the best type of antenna using for this purpose is the array antennas. So array antennas is a set of antennas small antennas can give us a high gain

antennas or high gain for wireless communication. Okay. Then reduce a wasted power. We need to have high efficiency because as I mentioned the long way of the cable the long way of communication we will have a loss path loss or conductive loss. So we need to make sure that we have high efficiency when we

designing our antennas or our sensor. Okay. Then avoid blockage. Okay. Nowadays u there is too many towers. So we need to take into account that there is no towers or the blockage. Okay. If there is a blockage we need to use one type of antenna we called beam steering. So beam steering antennas if

there is any block by the tower by by by by by any building then the beam can shift shift from from this frequency to the other frequency to change the direction. Okay. So beam steering and beam antennas will be very useful for this kind of issue. All right. Okay. Then we will also use wide spectrum. We need to use

of course wideband antennas not narrow band antennas. So [snorts] better antennas make our terraertz system is very practical. All right. So as I mentioned different types of antennas will solve different problem. There is no best antenna in the world. No this is not happen. Every antenna solve one problem. Okay. So for example,

if we have a problem in term of the signal, the weak signal, we need to use the array or beam steering antenna in order to improve the the the the signal. Okay. Then if you want to use antenna integrated in the into circuit board, we need to use onchip antenna. So onchip antenna will be

a very beneficial for this kind of integrated SE we call PCB printed circuit board. So onchip antenna will be uh the best option and if we want to use uh the shifting frequency we need to use RIS reconfigurable intelligence service or reconfigurable antennas. So this type of antennas can change and shifting the the frequency. All right.

Then the last one advanced materials. I'm recently involved in advanced materials such as uh graphine. Graphine also can be used uh for for advanced materials. Graphine has an amazing connectivity. Okay. I will I will discuss this in deep in the next slide. Okay. Graphine tahertz antennas. Okay. Normally when we design our antenna, we

use a conductive copper. You know the copper. So the copper will cover the antenna. Metal. Metal will be the conductive material for antenna. Now we can apply the graphine. Graphine has ultra thin carbon layer. So why we need to use graphine [snorts] the contactive the conductive material or the contactive copper by time they

got deoxxidation. So we called de oxidi by time but graphine over time two years 3 years 5 years it will remain the same still working and the conductivity will be very high. All right. So, graphine ultra thin of carbon layer. I'm not sure here on the audience if there is anyone working on on materials. I think he will

he will understand what I'm saying about graphine. And also graphine by using the graphine properties or by using graphine characteristics we can tune the frequency. There is another advantages of graphine. We can tune and we can reconfigurable the frequency. Okay. Enable compact and we can also have a small size using graphine. And

but the drawbacks and the disadvantage of graphine is very expensive. I just remember two months ago I bought one commercial bottle of graphine. I think 150 USD. Yeah. It's not from my pocket of course. is from the grind. [laughter] In Malaysia when when we have a grind, we can buy materials. So, so just small bottle commercial ink

150 USD. So, it's expensive. Okay. And also the the fabrication for the graphine is a bit challenging. It's a bit difficult. Not like the normal device like antenna. I think antenna we if you want to fabricate using the FR4 material it will be cheap compared to graphine. Graphine is quite expensive and also uh to

fabricate is challenging. Okay. Because because graphine is is like oil you need to put on wearable. So for example you can't put the graphine on the gens or leather. So that's why it's quite quite complicated. Yeah. Okay. So graphine [snorts] may enable tunable miniaturaturized and terraertz antennas. So graphine graphine is good but also

have disadvantages. Okay. So how to overcome the terohertz limitation? Okay. If we have high path loss, it's advised to use array or beam steering antennas. If we have a blockage, we have towers building block the signals. So it's advised to use the adaptive beams or the beam steering. And if we have limited coverage, we

advise to use the RA or MEA service advanced materials. And if we have complex design, uh this is another thing I forgot to mention. [snorts] Normally when we design the terahertz as we already agree the size will be very small. Right? So in the software it is very difficult to adjust the parameters.

So adjusting the parameters is quite challenging. So we need to use machine learning. If anybody here familiar with regression model, we can use machine learning to predict. So AI can use us to make the simulation more easier and faster. Okay. So AI will not replace RF engineering. [laughter] No, I just always heard AI will replace

the engineering. I No, no. AI will help us to make our life much easier. Okay. All right. So AI plus terahertz antennas. So as I just mentioned we can use AI. Uh we we normally uh when we design sensors on any internet device we use software. We design design simulate fabricate and measure.

Okay. So if you want to apply AI we need to add one more step which is the optimization. So for example I remember uh yeah I have a few PhD students and master students. So normally before machine learning students using a weeks to get the optimal design they need to adjust the length of the antenna the w takes really

really time. So always change and come to me sir can you check? Oh no this is not really good. you need to modify a little bit you know just a little bit modify then you go and come back. So it takes time takes a weeks sometimes months but now if we apply the machine

learning machine learning can optimize the best parameters for your design. Okay. All right. So the key application we can use the geometry optimization frequency we can use for we can apply machine learning for all types of antennas. All right. So what is the application and what terraertz enable 6G make possible? What the 6G can make in our

lives in the future? uh 6G is not yet established as I mentioned expected to be 2020 2030 2030 yeah 2030 okay so what is the what is the advantages we will get by using 6G so first he will help us with the we called helographic communication so we can be together anywhere we can

open your video you see your family, your friend just like 3D in front of your eyes. Yeah, I think previously we we saw that only in [laughter] in the in the film, right? We cannot imagine. I think this is maybe will be happen. So we just open video and we can see 3D. Okay. But this is will cut and

shorten our life, [laughter] our social life. Yeah. Just open video and see your friend 3D. Habis kalas. [laughter] Okay. And then the second application will be extended to immersive experience for work, learning and life. Also can be used for gaming. I think now already Apple Apple I think one year or two years ago they

already produced the uh uh the glass right 3D glass. So 3D using 3D glass you can already enjoy the the gaming for those who interested to do you know gaming and so on. All right. So AI [snorts] can also help us of course with the autonomous vehicles, EV cars, drones. This is very fast

communication will be you know amazing for this kind of of of application. All right. Then smart healthcare as I just mentioned earlier the doctor can do the surgery. For example, he's in Sorabaya do surgery in Malaysia. So this kind of surgery needs super fast internet. So until now 5G cannot do that. So with 6G with the fast

communication with the fast sensing with the AI intelligence I think this is will be possible to do. All right. Then the high the high precision sensing uh this one will be you of course will be very uh very useful for military use. I will not go in deep in this. And then the last one

will be used for the smart cities of course. Okay. So the objective is not 6G itself. The objective is that what 6G can enable connected devices in our lives. Okay. All right. So, uh as we can see here we have already discussed many application in in in 6G. We have already discussed the artificial

uh intelligent antennas. We already covered the terraertz AI and sensing. So this all application combined together we will get efficient connectivity. Okay. This efficient connectivity will be faster, smarter and more reliable for wireless link. So this efficient connectivity will be used for smart transportation safer, cleaner and efficient will be used for healthcare and will be very

beneficial for agriculture. agriculture. I think one year ago I got one grant, one research grant uh about durian, durian fruit. So uh uh I just submit the grant and alhamdulillah I got it and now I have one students G students working on on this project. So sometimes durian tree the trunk of the tree they have

diseases. So sometimes there is a hole inside the tree. So by applying the microwave imaging and the antenna we can see if this tree healthy or not. Okay. So we can use this sensing. So I think this one if we also combine with AI the detection of the imaging will be very precious and very clear.

I think in Indonesia also have durian right. Yeah. So durian set up. [laughter] Okay. So u okay the route ahead from 6G research to intelligence wireless environments today today we we still using 5G and uh we are in the early of 6G many research has been already I have many papers published in 6G but only simulation

uh the good thing or the good thing is many of the good journals Q1 journals still accept papers based on simulation. When I submit my paper, I receive comments from reviewer uh this paper is good blah blah blah but there is no measurement, there is no fabrication. So I just simply comment uh we don't have the

equipment in our lab in Malaysia. we don't have then the editor already the editor fam the editor already understood that we don't have and then the paper accepted so if you have a paper on 6G with simulation don't scare just submit to Q1 it can be accepted unless for the time being later on I'm

not sure okay all right so okay so Uh I don't want to talk too much. I I already talked too much. So I want I want to end this session with three messages. Okay. The first message is that 6G will require a new spectrum and new antenna technologies. The second message is terraertz provides

massive bandwidth but propagation and hardware challenges make antenna engineering critical. The third message that I want to deliver is the future antenna will not only transmit and receive. It will become additive, intelligent and integrated with its environment. So now I will give more time to Q&A questions. Uh we can discuss. Uh thank

you so much for listening and I'm open for any questions. Thank you. Thank you bra Ahmed for such an insightful presentations and for being here with us in Surabaya. You have shown us that 6G is not merely a jourer toward higher frequencies but toward more intelligence wireless environments where antennas no longer simply transmit and

receive faster but smarter sense adapt and work together with intelligent surfaces, new materials and then AI for optimizations. And then without further ado, ladies and gentlemen, the floor is now open for the questions. For audience here in the room, please raise your hand and mention your name and your affiliation before asking. And then those um in the zoom

meet, you can type in the meeting chat or raise hand and we will unmute you. Okay, please. Do you have any question in the room?

Okay, please.

Okay, my name is uh Doto from the poly technic electronica. Uh actually I want to know about your experience about the how to implement this kind of the new technology related with the AI because like as I know that if we use the more higher bandwidth or higher frequency of course we can get the more bandwidth

but the distance is become limited. So how to solve such kind of the problem to increase the distance but with more throughput or more bandwidth and then how like for me now I'm just users for the AI tools how to implement how to how to use the AI in kind of the wireless less 6G or

the more higher bandwidth. And the last one I want to know about your opinion about the the wireless between the ITU and the ITLE E at 0 to 11 the Wi-Fi because like these two religions ITU and the ITLE E they are always competing each other which one is better and how the

in the future what can they do or what can they can give us. Okay, thank you. Okay. Uh thank you so much for your question. Uh too many question three. [laughter] Okay. Uh so I just uh let's start with the first one. The first question you ask for terz uh how we can get uh wide bandwidth is

it correct? Okay. Uh I just mentioned uh for my field we use antenna. So uh as I mentioned earlier there's no perfect antenna uh every antenna can be used for different purpose. Okay. So normally there are few antennas they can use for the wide bandwidth. For example we have UWB antenna ultra wideband antenna. So ultra

wideband antenna also can be used for terahertz. And we have another type we called super wideband antenna. So the question is how to get super and how to get wide ultra wideband right this is basically uh based on your design because uh we have software Profer Hayati she's the expert we have two softwares we have CST and we have

HFSS so normally we use uh software to design our antenna and we see the response We called we have one important parameter we called the S parameter. So from based on the because now we are dealing with electronics. Electronics every single copper you will get a new result. So we need to be very careful.

So each design provide different result. Okay. So to design a wideband you need to have students good students uh familiar with with with with CST so he can design and also there are a few YouTube videos now everything is open and now if you go to YouTube how to design wideband antenna I think maybe

in one hour or 30 minutes if you already installed the software you you will have your own design okay so this is the first question The the second question is uh sorry u AI yeah actually I'm I'm also new in AI because uh I'm not from the faculty of AI I am from faculty of

engineering electrical and electronic but there is no choice I need to use AI right why I need to use AI I don't want to be smart oh this guy this researcher use AI is very good no because AI make our life much easier Especially for antenna. No need to spend hours or days

or weeks for design. Applying AR will minimize uh the time for designing. Uh we apply normally uh I will talk based on my field of interest. We apply machine learning. So we we we extract from the CST and we use Python. Okay. So there are too many models can be used too many models based on your

needs. So for example we have regression model and and yeah and so on. So basically I'm using AI uh to uh to predict to predict which design is good which parameter can be can be used uh for the best best antenna performance. All right. Okay. For the last question is for IT E. Uh I am ITE E senior member

for uh I think for already four years. Yeah. Already received the the chantic right the chantic wood. Yeah. So u uh I cannot say which one is better to be honest. Yeah. I I I both of them are okay. So I don't want to say this one is good, this one is no.

[laughter] So they are competing between each other. Yes, of course. But they are still okay. And as we discussed earlier, we will it's is my pleasure to join the ITE society for Indonesia. So yeah, inshallah. [laughter] Okay. Thank you. >> Okay. Thank you for the answer, professor. Is there any questions from the audience? Yes, please.

>> Guys, if you have any question about publication also, uh yeah, this is open that's why I give time for that. So, any question relating on research also you can ask. >> Yes. Thank you, bro. >> Okay. Uh thank you bro. My name is Eric Juganto and uh I'm from Brain Core Indonesia uh research center in uh

Jakarta. So uh my question is pretty simple and the question is uh how do you see uh intelligent antennas and uh reconfigurable intelligent surfaces being integrated with ON or open radio access network uh particularly through the radio access network intelligent controller for realtime AI based optimization. That's the question. Thank you. >> All right. Uh you you from Jakarta?

>> Yeah. Okay. Okay. [laughter] Okay. Thank you for your question. Uh as I mentioned uh the reconfigurable and intelligent service and also we have meta material and we have also the meta service. So this kind of materials they can give the reconfigurable. Okay. What does it mean by reconfigurable? Reconfigurable we can called also tunable.

So for example if I'm working here and I have face obstacles or uh restraction from any objects any tower so the frequency can shift so it can shift and change the direction to other frequency we call the beam the beam steering or the beam of the antenna so it can you know it can change uh this is can be uh

sufficient use by rais S R I reconfigurable intelligent uh services. Okay. Nowadays China uh too much focus on the RAIS uh because they believe the advanced material uh with 6G it will make really a big change. All right. So uh you know if any PhD students uh need to work on 6G I highly

suggest using the advanced materials such as metaser rais graphine graphine recently also uh too many research papers on graphine. Okay. Okay. So I think the future will be more focused on this one because as I mentioned the lowest frequency is already saturated. I think hundred or thousand of research papers based on three 5G 2.4 sub6 GHz

Wi-Fi ISM band for medical application. All right. So I hope I answer your question. >> Okay. Thank you. Is there any questions from Mr. enough? Okay. Yeah. >> Thank [clears throat] you. Uh Dr. Yeah. Um I'm from I'm Najip from University Mia Police. I have questions to you. Right. So um [clears throat]

if you see right uh now um the problems with the millimeter wave is well known now and uh we waiting uh in 2027 to release the spectrum for the 6G but until now millimeter wave we know they have blockage they have certain uh problem in terms of cost a very high cost and to implement it I think they

they use a um what we call it the mini base stations right and you say that RA will be immeated okay I'm I'm agree on that but what if this meter wave also have problems until now it's not being implemented yet how terraertz will be in the future right and realable for the

research since [snorts] they are very high cost and as you mentioned previously even your university cannot support the uh the research equipments I think in the UK several There are only several things that have it. how we can do this research things or we stick with the lower frequency for that's first question right the second question you

asking about the practical 6G with the ISAC right the integration of sensing and communications okay uh the question is will the sensing and communication truly use the same transmit waveform sim simultaneously or they have the separate time for example they have a frequency or spatial resources. uh so how do to manage the tradeoff between

the performance such as the data or the BER right bit uh it uh BER and sensing performance so that that's number two question right how how we doing that the third question is we know uh the ISAC uh because they will detect the the presence of the humans so in terms of the privacy right because it is when we

using the ISAC means that we know the locations of people's or the cars or everything. So how we manage to in terms of our privacy because it will be uh without the people's uh that people's um banaran I mean uh knowledge right so how we compensate this thank you very much okay uh in in njib Mr. Nib, you from

UNIMAP? Oh, Malaysia. Okay. [laughter] Okay. Okay. Thank you, sir. Uh okay. Uh actually your question is really really good uh because uh yeah this is the challenging uh to be honest because now uh even in my university previously I was working with UTM University technical Malaysia Malika. So in UTM we have the microwave lab uh

microwave lab uh for the VNA for the spectrum uh working from zero to 20 GHz. So how can I make my students working on terraertz? So it's is not possible right? So um uh yeah it is what it is. We need to work on the frequency is available now right or we can work on

the we can run the research for example on 6G but I I think if I'm not mistaken in Chiknajib we have lab in UTM Scodai UTM university in Scodai they have the millimeter wave uh frequencies I think up to 40 GHz because uh I think two of my students I send them to do the

fabrication in JB Jor okay so for terz uh there is no uh fabrication lab not in Malaysia and not even in my country to be honest so there is yeah there is no uh there is no fabrication lab so we do research for 6G based on simulation only and as I mentioned And good journals uh Q1, Elir,

Springer, Willie, they still can accept with justification. Yeah, you can mention your lab, you can mention university. We don't have lab. So, uh in the future we will we will implement this kind of things. Okay. So for for your question for the human I think I'm not sure if your major based on antenna or not but we have something

we call SAR if anybody hear about SAR SAR is the specific absorption rate right exactly so we use the this this measure of SAR there is two definition of SAR one is European one by United face. So when we use uh the antenna or any sensor on the on the body on human body we need to be

careful about the value of SAR. So normally the safe value of SAR need to be be uh below two okay because now I'm also running few research works based on wearable antennas. So we use wearable antennas on the shoulder. We use wearable antennas on the chest for breast cancer detection. So we need to make sure that

the SAR value is as much as low to be safe for human use. Not only for the wearable now we also uh uh have application smartphone application when we when we use this phone has antenna right inside very small antenna. So we need to make sure also the SAR value for the antenna need to be safe

for human use because if it's above two I think will be a little bit dangerous right okay so yeah I hope I answer your question in chajib yeah >> about the ISAC I mean between the spectrum because is a sensing and also they also similarly send the data so how they use in the spectrum are they using

the same spectrum or they have a different one. That that's the one. The second one I'm asking is not the SAR. I'm asking about the I know the the sensing part where the sensing part they use a Doppler effect to get to the knowledge of the location of that people. So how if we don't we we we

taking their information just as the location without the permission of that people? That's my question. how we try to uh maintain the privacy of the people instead of we know that the second the the first one is the between the spectrum because we know uh in 6G as you said previously we have the ISC the

integration the sensing and communication how to trade off between the sensing because if they're using the same spectrum we will have the problem with the BR right bit rate error problems and also we have also the efficiency so how do we compensate it thank you >> okay uh thank Thank you for your

question. Actually uh for for this one uh uh I'm I'm not the person in charge to talk about the privacy of their frequency because as you know this is belong to the MCMC. Yeah. So MCMC will will make the rules about the allocation about the the privacy of using the the frequency band. So I think this one I

think this one here by the MCMC. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you Anjik Najib. Okay, thank you before your time is limited. Thank you for your appraise uh and then thank you very much for processor for such comprehensive answer for practical challenges and of blendation of the exciting possibilities of AI assisted antenna design. Once

again ladies and gentlemen please join me in enjoying giving a big round of applause to associate professor Ahmed Jamal. Thank you professor for this outstanding keynote sessions. And now I would like to hand the session back to the MC please. Okay. Thank you Miss Farhana and please give a warm round of applause

once again to associate professor Ahmed Jamal and Miss Farhara Mari

to pro and Miss Farhana you may be seated. Okay, ladies and gentlemen, we now continue with our second keynote session. Please be informed that this session will be delivered virtually and moderated by Dr. Eadc Du Nurana. So to Dr. EADC Du Nurana, time is yours. [music]

Okay, thank you very much. Now the second keynote speakers is already connect for okay I will present for the second keynote speakers professor soji Kasahara PhD. Professor Soji Kasahara PhD is a professor from graduate school of informatic information science n institute of science and technology. his research interest including queuing technology and performance analysis of computer and

communication system and also they will present about the beyond quadratic voting design of decentralized autonomous organization to resistant and wells and collusions. Professor Saji Kasahara uh we will have uh 45 minutes uh and for your presentation is about 13 minutes and then continue for 15 minutes for question and answer. Professor Kasahara the time is yours.

>> Okay. So can you hear me? >> Can you >> can you hear me? >> We Yeah, we can hear your voice. >> Okay. So thank you very much. So uh good morning uh everyone. Uh first of all I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the organizing committee of ICV 2026

for inviting me to give this keynote speech. It is a great honor and pleasure to have this opportunity to share my research with you today. Although I'm joining uh you online from Japan, I'm very pleased to be here uh with you. So let me begin my presentation. Just a moment please.

So uh can you see this uh presentation material? >> Yeah, we can hear we can read. >> Okay. So now uh I start uh this keynote talk. So my keynote talk is somewhat uh not real uh technology issue but the uh interdisiplinary research between the uh information technology and social science. So the title is beyond

cataractic voting uh designing dow governance resistant to wars and collision.

Yes, this is the outline of my presentation. uh so uh we focus on the DAO decentralized organized uh organiz autonomous organization and this technology is based on the well-known blockchain technologies and we focus on why Dow voting is difficult and then uh we pick up two problems well problem and corusion problem and also uh

we explain the linear voting and cat cadetic bing and then show some mathematical models for coron resistance and finally uh we uh we show some proposed mechanism catic boing and bu token. So uh in this keynote uh what I would like to say is a boarding mechanism should reduce well dominance without making corusion cheap. So this uh

talk is based on the publication uh this this paper is now open access. So if you are interested in this paper so please check this uh frontiers in blockchain. Okay. So uh first what is DAO? The DAO decentralized autonomous organization is an organization whose rules and decision making are implemented by smart contracts on

blockchain. So uh here DA uh participants hold uh governance tokens and proposals in DAO are decided by tokenbased voting. Then uh smart contracts provide transparency and automation. However participants can be anonymous and hard to sanction. So the governance issue is voting rules become part of the security and incentive design of the DA.

So why voting design matters [snorts] in DA? Uh D proposal can decide project policy, treasury spending, protocol changes and service operation and governance tokens provide voting power and sometimes uh token distribution is unequal and malicious actions may still follow smart contract rules. Example risk is if a malicious actor can buy or borrow enough voting power, a

harmful proposal may pass even though it damages the D. So voting mechanism design is an incentive design problem. So this is a uh typical uh fraud case in DAO being stock DO case in 2022. A proposal to transfer 181 million US from being stock to a single address was approved. The funds were supposedly intended for

donations to Ukraine. However, there is one attacker. This attacker used a flash attack to gain enough voting power to pass the proposal singlehandedly. Here flash loan is an unconateralized loan that is borrowed and repaired repet within a single transaction. So concentration of decision making power in a small number of actors poses a serious threat to DS.

There are two governance problems. The first problem is well problem. The fail in fail problem a small number of participants hold many tokens and can dominate voting outcomes that is voting power concentrates. Minority token holders may have little influence and decentralized governance becomes centralized in practice. The second problem is cuism. A malicious participant bribes others to

vote for a harmful harmful proposal. In this case, uh bribes can be enforced through smart contracts and anonymous participation makes accountability difficult. So a system uh becomes safer if corusion is costly. So uh this slide shows some related work. Uh so uh first paper uh considers the modeling the corusion among malicious participants in Dows employing

staking mechanisms and the second paper uh consider the modeling the potential conflicts of interest between whales holding large amounts of tokens and many participants holding small amounts. However, uh there are no existing work in which uh which addressed both collision and well dominance simultaneously. So uh our research goal is to propose a

ving mechanism to mitigate both corusion and well dominance. We analyze the vulnerability of cataractic boarding to corusion while mitigating well dominance and we propose a mechanism to enhance the collusion resistance of cataractic body. [sighs] Our approach is is as follows. First uh we build a mathematical model of D voting with honest users and

malicious way. Then we define a corusion resistance through the minimum total bribe cost. Then we show the cataractic voting can be less resistant to corusion than linear voting. And finally we propose a ving mechanism combining chaotic ving and both escro to talk to. Okay. So uh now I explain the what is linear voting and also what is cadotic

ving. In linear ving uh I guess uh all of you are familiar with this linear boarding using L tokens give L v. So uh this figure shows how linear boarding works. Now there are 100 borders. The last one 99 bottles who have one talk then total amount of uh boats are now 99. Okay.

While there is one voter who has 100 tokens then the amount of v of this v is 100 v. So which uh which groups which voters win this uh v who has 100 tokens right on the contrary in chadic ving casting n v requires n to the second power tokens. So here this is uh same uh case same

example and uh there are 99 voters who have one to talk. However this uh casaratic voting rule one b with one token uh the amount of vote is also one. So this 99 voters total amount of votes is the same as the linear voting case 99. However, voter who has 100 tokens uh under

cataractic voting his voting power is reducing to 10 votes. As a result the winner is this 99 va group. So this is just the uh formulation of the linear ving and cadotic ving. So linear ving if you have n tokens the resulting boats is also n while the cadotic ving if you have n boards the uh

the resulting boarding power is the square root of n. Okay. So here is research question. Does cataractic voting solve D governance problems? Now we examine the hypothesis. Cadaratic voting mitigates the well problem however may not be lost against cu by a malicious well. So the design design goal here is to keep the anti-well benefit of cataractic

boarding while increasing corusion resistance. Okay. So now we introduce the uh some simple mathematical model uh based on the game theory. Now we consider discrete time model setting and the voting process for a single proposal proceeds as follows. First time zero DA is formed and project is proposed. Time one now we are have a

voting then decision is made. Then time two service starts and utility is evaluated and ta is the uh the time at which tokens is sold and token sale payoff. So here please note that participants bought to maximize his or her utility at time two. Here we consider propos two proposal type healthy H and maicious M. So this

healthy proposal H is a proposal which benefits DA and maicious proposal M is a proposal which harms DA. Then for participants uh we consider two uh types of participants. The first one is contributing users. These contributing users are now the number of users are N and these users vote for proposal H which benefit the DA

and each user I holds XI tokens and second user is malicious malicious user. This uh we consider one malicious whale M and this malicious whale proposes uh large M which benefits itself and harms the DA. Then this Maricus can bite contributing users. Here we introduce the utility obtained from DA service s of a * n * x i. Here s

of a is the service efficiency when uh project a is approved. Okay. Now uh let's introduce the participant utility. Please note that user I obtain utility from two sources. Uh first using DO services. The second source is selling tokens at time TA. Then uh for a proposal small a utility at time t is defined as a following

equation. Here the first term implies utility from service and the second term uh implies utility from sale uh sale proceeds. Here we assume that a healthy proposal gives better service efficiency that is s of h is greater than s of m with then uh at ving time user I chooses one of two actions.

First action is to reject bribe. The the user uh who rejects the bribe uh that is voting for healthy proposal H deserting uh utility is given by this uh equation and second action is to accept bribe. In this case uh the utility uh of this uh user is given by this equation. And

you can see the difference is uh this uh s of h efficiency efficiency. The first equation is s of h and the second one is s of m. And also the difference is the amount of torque. here uh only xi however accept bribe case uh x i plus bi where bi is the bribe user I received

[sighs] then uh contributing user accept the bribe when the uh utility of the malicious proposal is greater than the uh utility for a healthy proposal from this uh inequality We obtain the lower bound on Brib like this inequalority and easily you can see uh the bribe required for user I is simply proportion proportional to the

token quantity X I held by that user. Then uh we consider the token price model uh that is token price uh at time t is uh for healthy proposal case. The token price at time t is uh defined defined with this uh equation here you can see token price increases linearly. On the other hand, uh when uh we

consider Maicius proposal case, the uh market price at time t is uh defined as this uh equation. Here token price decreases exponentially. So the last one is how to measure the corusion resistance of voting systems. Here we introduce the minimum total bribe cost. The minimum total bribe cost is the minimum amount of total bribe

required for a malicious user to pass proposal m. Then the total bribe cost can be calculated by this equation here. Yi is the ind indicator variable. uh if this yi is one if user i is biped this uh indicator variable yi is one otherwise zero and uh larger minimum cost means higher corusion resistance

with these settings uh now we uh define the optimization problem for existing voting systems. So we consider this uh minimization problem. The objective function is the uh bribing cost and this uh constraint implies the uh majority of voting uh body. So if uh the left hand side implies the uh voting case uh in which the all users are

contributing users and right side implies the uh bribing users case. So if this inequality uh is uh satisfied uh we can calculate this uh minimum uh bribing cost. So uh this is a very simple example why cataractic voting can reduce corusion cost. Now let's consider uh four contributing users case and uh each user has these

tokens that is user one hold one token user two also one token user three holds four tokens and the last user for nine tokens and in linear ving case the resulting boats is uh the same as the this uh token values that is 1 one 4 and 9. So you can easily calculate the total

both 50. In this case majority needed is eight. So cheapest corusion is to bribe user with you. So user four with tokens nine right. On the other hand for cataractic boarding case the resulting v is the squared root of uh the amount of uh tokens. So one token becomes one and four tokens becomes two. Nine tokens

becomes three. So total v is seven. In this case, majority needed is four. So the cheapest collusion case is to bribe users with user one uh having the tokens one also user two uh he or she holds one token and also user three with four tokens. The resulting total tokens is six smaller than linear voting case.

So you can see compress compressing voting power may also compress the majority threshold. So uh now we conduct the uh simulation uh simulation and uh in this simulation uh we set these parameters and the performance measures is the average total bribe cost and this is the result uh comparing result. Uh we compare linear voting and

casatic voting. Here the horizontal axis implies the number of participants while the uh vertical axis is total drive cost. So you can this yellow line is a linear voting case and this uh blue curve is cataractic voting. So you can see uh linear voting stays almost constant as the number of participants uh increases.

And also casatic voting has lower total life cost than the linear voting case. And also for large number of participants, cadarotic voting remains cheaper to corrude with. So cadotic voting mitigates well dominance. However, along it lacks corusion resistance in this model. So we need a new mechanism. So uh again uh cataract the strong

points of cataractic voting is to reduce the voting power of whales and also cataractic voting gives small holders uh more relative influence. However, the weak points of cataractic voting is uh cadotic voting can lower the majority threshold and uh it can make a malicious majority cheaper to buy. So, uh our idea is to add longterm

commitment using token lockup. Now uh we introduce the vote escro token mechanism. Vote escro token v token is participants lock tokens for a chosen period and receive voting power weighted by the remaining lock duration. Wait is uh defined as follows. You can see here TL is lock up duration. So uh with this definition

a participant willing to lock long to lock tokens longer is more aligned with DA's long-term value. Okay. So uh this is our proposed voting power. Our proposal mechanism is first compresses token quality by casatic voting and then weights it by the lock period. So uh here we assume honest users can choose a long lock period.

Malicious users who bribe others specify the lock period for bribed boarding and long lock up increases commitment but also affects token selling incentives. So core effect is a user rejecting bribes can have much higher effective voting power than bribed users with short lock perings. So this is a modified optimization problem for the proposed mechanism. You

can see the uh constraint uh this constraint inequality is uh changed and also we conduct the uh simulation similar to the previous one. And also we set these lo related parameters like this. And this is the uh numerical results here propose the red line is a proposal method and yellow one is linear boarding

and blue one is casotic boarding. So in the previous uh figure graph uh we see this result. So this red line is new result new uh new one. So uh from this uh figure we can see proposed mechanism has the largest total bribe cost and also marious user must bribe more users. Corion resistance is significantly

improved. So token lock up changes the economics of bribery and what is the effect of lock period on the uh total bribe cost. So this figure shows the total bribe cost over the uh lock period. So uh you can see uh here the horizontal axis is lock period. the total bribe cost first increases uh with the local

period and then decreases uh decreases you can see. So from this figure uh micious users worst case strategy is to choose a short lock period. So uh the design implication uh we can get from this figure is the mechanism remains effective even under the short lock worst case and this uh figure shows the robustness

to number of participants. So here uh you uh the uh blue line is the uh lock period for the malicious uh user is uh time two and yellow one is 13 and the green one is 24. From this figure uh you can see the uh proposed method remains effective under increasing down sides.

So uh corogon resistance does not collapse simply because more user joins. So uh our findings are first linear voting is param to well dominance and cadarotic voting mitigates well dominance. However, cataractic boarding can lower the total cost of corusion. So, our proposed cataractic boarding plus V token mechanism increases the total B cost

and also uh we just showed the uh from from the uh numerical experiments that uh we can uh confirmed the improved resistance to both wear and corrosion problems. However, there are some limitations uh in this uh our model. The first one is we consider uh one project and one boarding event very limited case

and we uh assume bribes uh is pet in the same D token and token price functions are very simplified and the malicious users direct voting power is not included in the corusion cost comparison. So uh from this uh limitations uh future research directions is uh repeated voting over a long time horizon. Uh we

consider to talk movement and trading before also uh we consider the case in which multiple malicious users or coitions anyway. So uh we need more research toward incentive compatible and attack resistant D governance. So uh this is uh the conclusion of this talk. So here uh cadotic boarding alone is not enough. Cadotic voting arviates the well problem

however may reduce corusion registers. So our proposed solution is to combine casatic voting and the both escro tokens. This combination can increase the cost of corusion while retaining antwell properties. So the dow governance should be designed as an incentive mechanism and adversarial behavior. So these are the references and soak.

Sorry. Thank you for your kind attention. >> Okay. >> Okay. Thank you very much for professor Soji Kasahara. Okay. Give a round of applause for professor Sji Kasahara. Okay. [snorts] We have a many insight that we have that decentralized autonomous organization have emerged as a promise organizational model for web three enabling transparent and

decentralized decision making through blockchain based voting. Now it start for a question and answer. For the audience who want to give an question please raise your hands. Is there any? Okay,

>> thank you. Hello, Professor Kasahara. >> Hi. >> It's very nice to meet you here again. >> Thank you for becoming the uh keynote speaker of ICV. >> Any I'm very sorry that my keynote talk is still mathematics oriented. [laughter] >> It's okay. It's actually very interesting uh because in your topic you

discussed about uh distribution distributed governance right and also the interesting part is that uh for example we have more tokens uh of course with more tokens they can have more votes like it's like the uh usual capitalism works and [laughter] with the quad >> with the quadratic uh mechanism it reduce uh the whale uh quite

significantly and then you also introduce the combinations uh with uh you still use the quad trick but you also use that the token saving for a longer time will have more value. >> Yes, >> it is actually an amazing ideas. Uh my questions is uh how we can uh make a strategy if we have more than one whale.

Your uh strategy it was for one whale and then the other may have collusion to to fight that whale so that they can gather around and bribe the others to get uh food for themselves. But what if we have more than one whales? Thank you professor. Uh thank you very much. Uh anyway, very good question and uh hard

to hard to answer because the uh now you already understand this uh voting mechanism is very similar to the uh social voting mechanism, right? >> Exactly. Yes. So uh in this case the uh one uh case but very special uh point is this uh oil user has huge amount of torque. >> Yes. If the uh there are some whales and

those whales has not so much uh huge amount of wells, >> it may we may have a chance to uh solve this uh corusion problem. Mhm. >> But the question what should I say if the there are some all of them has two huge amount of tokens. >> Yes. >> Impossible. [laughter] Okay. That can also be an issue

>> in such a case. In such a case so uh what should I say? uh approve approving the uh joining the su such where joining or dejecting the first uh initial phase is uh the designing uh strategy is very important. >> Okay. >> So is it okay? >> Yes. Yes. Okay. Thank you very much.

because the uh this issue is actually how like a simulations of how the governments work and how uh we can vote for the uh certain things right so let's say we have more than uh one crazy rich entity and [laughter] they can have a can have more power with that right so of course it's not only one whale there

are many whales on in the sea kids and it >> so difficult that's why it's interesting [clears throat] >> difficult example is the uh current political situation in United States right >> exactly yeah [laughter] thank you very much professor Kazah hope to see you again >> yes >> okay is there any question

for the others please raise your hands

Okay.

Is there any question? Oh. Uh, how about on the uh Zoom? Uh, okay. Is there any question for the online? Okay. Is there any question on this meeting?

Is this any question?

Okay. Okay. If there's no any question, I think that's enough for uh presentation from Professor Soji Kasahara. Please give a warm applause for presentation for professor Soji Kasahara PhD. Okay. Uh before we finish for professor Soji Kasahara uh the operator will show the certificate for speaker for keynote speaker for professor Soji Kasahara.

Okay. Okay. This is the This is the certificate keynote speaker for Professor Soji Kasahara. Okay, give one applause for Professor Soji Kasahara. Thank you very much. >> Thank you. >> I turn back to the MC. >> Thank you.

Thank you professor Kasahara for the remarkable presentation and Dr. Ikad Duinana for the moderating this session distinguished speaker and honors guest. Now without further ado for our third keynote speaker I kindly invite again Miss Farhana Mari as moderator for this session. To Miss Farhana this the time is yours. [music]

>> [music]

>> Okay, good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. Let us now proceed to our last but not least keynote spe keynote sessions which will be joining us virtually today. It is our honor to welcome Professor Sodikula from University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Allow me to share a brief of his background before we begin. Professor

Sadikula brings over 21 years of experience spanning research, academia, and senior academic leadership. He has been recognized among the world's top 2% most cited scientists in the fields of telecommunications, antennas and electromagnetics. Throughout his career, he has held key leadership positions including profile counselor and director of post-graduate studies at uen alongside professional roles at the

national development complex slow borrow university and northwestern polytenical university. [snorts] Today, Professor Sodicula will be presenting on from meta materials to meta surfaces, evolutions, design and emerging applications. Professor, you will have 30 minutes for your presentations followed by 15 minutes for question and answers. Ladies and gentlemen, since Professor Sadikah is joining us online today, let us give

him a warm fertile round of applause. Welcome, Professor. we now hand the session for you. >> Thank you very much uh for the generous introduction. Uh I am happy to to to present uh my work to the to the audience. So can you hear me? >> Yes, I can hear you. >> Okay, dear

man. So today the topic of my talk is from meta materials to meta surfaces uh evolution design emerging applications. Here is the uh intro the road map of my talk. So we will start with introduction then the 2D meta material in section two then uh section three covers the meta surfaces popularization conversion

uh then for RCS reduction section four >> excuse me could you please share your screen first professor >> okay okay let me try it again >> thank

Okay. Can you see now? >> Okay. >> Yeah. >> Yes, we can see it. Okay. >> Okay. Okay.

Fine.

So this is the uh road map of today's uh talk. So uh from section one to section five that metal services for bio biosensing and then finally the conclusions. So today we will cover the introduction from the start how the what what are uh 3D metam materials how they have been allowed uh evolved through through years

to two-dimensional and as planer structures and then they have been used in many electromagnetic applications. So in today's uh uh presentation I will only focus on three main uh application areas uh such as polarization conversion uh RCS reduction and uh its use in uh biomedical and uh sensing applications. So here is uh meta materials. So meta

materials uh meta basically means above, superior or beyond. Uh the material which are above the natural material are which have properties uh that cannot be found in nature are called metamaterials. They are basically artificially designed um and their medium parameters the permitivity, permeability and refractive index. These are basically controlled by its geometry

and the frequency for which they are designed. Uh they basically enable the control of the web uh in way that is not possible with natural material. Here you can see some uh some pictures of the uh meta material uh that is designed by um RA Shelby in 2001. uh it consists of a rod

and ring resonators. So the rod basically the vertical rod is basically responsible for controlling the electrical permitivity of the material. The ring which is the spectring resonator here it basically contributes to control the permeability. So as a result um uh the bulk parameters are controlled can be made um simultaneously negative uh both permitivity and

permeability and as a result this material can give negative refractive index. uh in terms of wavelength if we can talk uh these are subwavelength structures their periodicity and units dimensions are uh much lesser than uh the size of the impinging the wavelength of the size of the impinging web. Uh so these are

basically periodic structure predominantly. However in literature we can see that a periodic structures have already also been designed. Uh so this is the comparison. Uh the natural material their building blocks are atoms arranged by nature properties determined by chemical composition limited control over permitivity permeability and refractive index. So they are fixed their properties are fixed. On the other

hand metamaterials these are artificially uh composite materials. Uh their building blocks are the atoms or artificial unit cell. You see here the yellow unit cell on the top layer. Geometry and arrangements are designer controlled effective permitivity permeability and index can be engineered and they enable unconventional uh EM response. Uh there are a note the

properties are that of the entire arrangement and not the constituent themselves. Okay, there's a question uh that why do we need meta materials? So the answer is here that uh conventional materials properties um mainly set by its natural composition. On the other hand, the metamaterial properties are set are defined by the composition its composition and um and

engineer geometry. So again uh conventional material they have fixed properties limited web control restricted functionality often a bulky solution. On the other hand meta materials they have tailored properties advanced uh wave control unusual EM responses compact and they can be multifunctional. Same material can perform multiple functionalities. We will discuss it later that with use

case examples. So meta materials shift electromagnetic material design from selecting available properties to engineering the desired electromagnetic response. Here is the u uh effective medium uh perspective or classification. So on that on the basis of this uh classification these can be um divided into four different categories. The first the materials can be classified as

four different material categories. Double positive surfaces are conventional dialectrics. These are basically mostly abundantly naturally occurring materials which have both permit and permitely positive. Okay. So they support web propagation in a normal way. Uh the next category is uh when the permitivity is less than zero negative. So these are also called ipsilang

negative materials materials. Uh they are limited um limited occurrence in nature like noble metals. Uh and these are also called electrical meta materials. So if a wave is impinging on the boundary of these materials, it can be reflected back. However, it cannot propagate through the uh to to the other medium. It is attenuated

and uh you can see here the graph. Uh the next is the uh M&G. M&G is those material for which the mu is negative. So they are mu negative materials. These are also called magnetic meta materials. They are also not occurring naturally uh at optical frequencies and similar behavior occurs that a wave is

attenuated inside these materials. And the last is the double negative material for which the permitivity and permeability both are negative. So they give a negative refractive index. So a wave can be transmitted with negative refraction and can be reflected from these material. uh here you can see that the evolution the evolution uh of meta materials to uh

meta surfaces intelligent meta surfaces over years from theoretical concept to reconfigurable and intelligent uh communication environment. So starting from 1968 or even before that uh an Indian uh scientist uh John Boss he experimented with the meta material behavior with the thread of jute experimentally he proved after that uh in 1968 uh the theoretical

concept of double negative uh material was presented. uh later on uh it was experimentally proved in 1998 then uh 2000 uh gradually the these were basically initially uh splattering resonators and were used and rod material was used to to demonstrate the concept in 2002 2006 functional meta material were introduced in 2011 and

onward was phase gradient meta surfaces there are two dimensional meta surfaces then graphine and reconfigurable materials were were tried uh FPGAs uh diodes and then um intelligent alco al algorithms were integrated to give a more uh dynamic and reconfigurable response. Uh so from the last uh few uh decades uh these three streams are active research

areas uh like you see electrical programmability of uh meta materials, material reconfigurability and communication and intelligence. uh you can see. So these are the broader uh broader uh streams of research leading towards a more intelligent environment which is the vision of the uh 6G because in 6G uh the frequencies to be used are

very small very higher frequencies millime upper millimeter wave and subter web will be used in the uh 6G uh standard. So at higher frequencies the beam width of the antennas uh it becomes very small or narrow and higher frequencies are easily blocked by u obstacles even by a finger. So in that case um there is a need to steer the

beam or reproduce the beam or to connect the user uh the user environment can can can be very complex mobile and uh three layer even a four-layer architecture from space to uh underground. So in that case uh connectivity is very important and it can be only realized by u metaurfaces uh reconfigurable intelligent meta surfaces. So for that

the concept of reconfigurability is there there are these are the major application areas of metaurfaces like uh number one uh 6G communication. So in 6G communication they can be used the meta surfaces meta material can be used for beam steering uh can be used to enhance the coverage uh to mitigate the interference. They can be also used in

myo design to reduce the mutual coupling between the myo elements uh or to enhance the isolation between the array are the myo elements can be used in radar and defense for RCS reduction stealth absorbers scattering control camouflage clogging and antennas they can be used the meta material can be used for enhancing the bandwidth the

gain of the antenna it can be also used to enhance the efficiency to reduce the specific absorption rate and so on. Uh polarization engineering polarization you can convert from linear to circular and vice versa or multifunctionality can be attained in sensing and detection. Similarly you can see here these are the different application listed here.

So let us move on to the 2D metamaterial inspired uh surfaces. uh so these are inspired from two-dimensional characteristic uh like electromagnetic band gap structure high impedance surfaces artificial magnetic conductor AMC's meta surfaces so here this uh uh table summarize all these electromagnetic band gap structure HIS AMC's FSS and meta surface they are

closely related but they are not exactly identical uh here As you can see the main concept the primary uh viewpoint characterization and typical role. So if we look at his or EBG so primary viewpoint is propagation property uh on the surface of the structure it can be antenna it can be the planer meta

surface or error antenna. So they are characteriz characterized in terms of band gap or dispersion diagram. uh they are basically used to suppress surface waves and in that case it can reduce the back lobe or side lobe radiation of an antenna and um then leading towards uh reduced specific absorption rate and can be also used in

the design of low profile or low mutual coupling antennas. The next is AMC. Uh this uh property uh the pre primary viewpoint is reflection property. Uh the reflection characterization uh at the resonant frequency the reflection phase they are designed such that at resonant frequency the reflection phase is ideally equal to zero. Uh so that gives in pairs image

currents low and can be used in low profile and directive antennas and also specific absorption rate reduction. The next is the FSS the frequency selective surfaces. They are used for spectrum uh spectral filtering and they are characterized in terms of the reflection coefficient and the transmission coefficient and they can be lowass, high pass, pass band or stop

band frequency surfaces. G the general term that is used as meta surface for all these categories. So they can be used for EM web engineering. um characterized in terms of amplitude, phase, polarization, frequency and pattern. Uh they are used to the typical role is to manipulate the wave. So it can be used in polarization conversion,

RCS reduction, absorption, beam steering, beam focusing, beam splitting, imaging etc. Here is the EBG and HIS uh just the structure diagram. You can see a three layer diagram. On the top we have the periodic patches the yellow. So these are here just for the purpose of demonstration the simple rectangular patches are used. Uh the gray air is the

substrate. It can be dialectric material depending on the application. If we are using very high frequencies then we can go for low loss uh dialectric materials and if we are working at low frequency then F FR4 or other um easily available substrates can be used. Similarly for from application to application the substrate can be um carefully selected.

The bottom layer is the ground. The the the ground and the top layer can be metallic conducting uh parts. So these the the dimensions uh of a unit cell. These are the unit cell. The the width and length of the unit cell, the separation between the unit cells, the thickness of the substrate. It basically

control the resonant frequency as well as the um properties of the the permitivity, the permeability, the impedance of the surface. So the inductance is basically primarily controlled by the height of the substrate. The capacitance like a parallel plate here by the effective area of the top between the metallic parts separated by the dialectric

and so the key features of EBGs uh are mushroom EBG behave as a high impedance surface because at higher at reason frequency it offers infinite impedance. So it can cause in the it can result in the suppressions suppression of the surface waves because of the infinite impedance. So you can see here as a

frequency and impedance plot. So at a reason frequency of f not the uh impedance is very high. Uh next is the EG characterization in terms of surface web band gap. So here a simple uh uh experiment the simulation setup is shown. So a uh the the EBG structures is drawn as a periodic

structure over the substrate and then a micro strip line is suspended over it to simulate the surface waves. Um and two ports were used one as a source other as a match load and is simulated and the the line in which this transmission coefficient is below a certain threshold here I have uh chosen minus 40 dB. So in

that case it can give perfect um uh surface wave separation and at the resonant frequency the denominator becomes zero. So leading towards ideally infinite surface impedance. [snorts] Uh here is the uh dispersion diagram uh characterization of the um EBG. So you can see on the horizontal axis we have the phase constant in radian per meter

and the vertical frequency. So in within the band gap uh in the frequency range where there is no uh real solution for the surface waves. So you can see that band gap within the forbidden band gap surface are attenuated or it cannot pass through the substrate or on the surface of the um structure in the lower

frequency and at the higher frequency they can pass but within the band of interest uh they will be stopped. The AMC characterization can be um understood by observing the reflection phase of the uh reflection coefficient. Here you see this is surface impedance. This is reflection coefficient. This is the phase of the reflection coefficient.

So at uh it you can see uh different behavior at low frequencies uh PEC behavior perfect electric conductor and at higher frequencies PC behavior. PC behavior means that the in if wave is impenched on a surface the reflected wave is out of phase with the incident wave and as a result there will be a

total um uh destructive interference and the efficiency of the radiating wave is badly affected. So uh here you see that the curve the phase changes from 180 to minus 80 for PC and at resonant frequency the reflection phase is ideally zero. So this behavior is also called perfect magnetic conductor. So this is PMC the

reflection coefficient become + one and the reflection phase is zero. At PC the reflection coefficient is minus1 and the reflection phase is 180. And in AMC AMC means artificial magnetic conductor behavior. So this is the AMC behavior where the phase changes from minus 90 to + 90 and the surface impedance is usually greater than the free space

impedance. Now next section three is the meta surfaces for polarization engineering. So NI isotropy cross produces uh the cross polarization conversion and polarization maintenance. So you see here that a CP wave can be converted into vertically polarized or horizontally polarized wave or a linearly polarized wave can be converted into circularly polarized wave.

These are some of the well-known uh equations or theory theoretical concepts describing the various parameters to be evaluated or discussed while while defining the performance of a polarization converting uh meta surface. Polarization conversion is polarization one of the most important property of any uh electromagnetic device like in satellite communication uh circularly circular polarization is mostly used in

some in ground based antenna the horizontal polarization and vertically polarization are important. So application which required polarization conversion uh can utilize the meta surfaces which offer this service. So this these are the relationship uh you can see the linear bases reflection matrix relating the reflected electric fields to the incident electric field through some matrix. This is rxx, r y,

xy, r y z and r y. These are the co-olarization reflection coefficient and the cross polarization reflection coefficients for different incident waves. So these are uh and if in case the incident wave is circularly polarized. So the these on the right hand side we have these relationship the for the linear polarization the conversion ratio can be

uh can be determined from these co and cross polarization reflection coefficients. Likewise the polarization maintaining ratio uh can also be determined from the um co and cross polarization reflection coefficients. So 100% if the PCR is 100% um so it means that total conversion of uh polarization for example if an x polarized wave is incident on the

surface the reflected wave will be totally yolarized. So in that case at that frequency the um the PCR will be close to one or 100. Here we have uh we are going to quickly demonstrate a few uh surfaces we have designed. So the first one is the broadband uh polarization converting meta surface. So this surface with

L-shaped resonator uh give a wide band of response from 8.6 and 6 to 22 GHz almost 88% fractional bandwidth. uh it has high convergent efficiency more than 90% supports linear polarization orthogonal LP to CP and vice versa angular the this the structure is angular stable it means if we impenet the web at 0° or 20 up to uh 45° the PCR

the polarization convergent ratio is still very stable within that operational bandwidth. Here we can see on the left figure A the the the graph which shows R XY R YX. So the magnitude of the co-olarization coefficient uh is very small as compared to the cross polarization reflection coefficients. So it mean it is converting X to Y and Y to

X and vice versa. This is the prototype the the um the the fabricated prototype 160 by 160 mm square and you can see here these are different modes because in the in the diagram in the reflection diagram there are four resonant beams. So at these beams uh resonant points the behavior is when the um surface currents on the top

uh top top surface of the resonator and the bottom ground bottom ground when they are parallel to each other. So we get electrical dipole behavior. If the surface current on the top layer and at the ground layer are opposite to each other. So as a result we are getting magnetic dipole behavior and because of

these various mode behaviors we are getting the broadband response in terms of polarization conversion. Uh here is another example uh multifunctional uh polarization converting meta surface. So this multifunctional uh again give us linear to it is multi supports linear to uh uh linear that's a cross polar also linear to uh circular polarization conversion

so five frequency bands in the cross polarization conversion mode with a PCR of 90% from linear to CP there are eight frequency band with exel ratio less than 3dB 1 2 3 up to eight bands are here where linear position is converted into circular polarization and this is the PCR response of this

H-shaped resonator. Here is the experimental setup. So two horn antennas are being used. One is a transmitter of which illuminates this surface with electromagnetic waves. The other as a receiving antenna. So the reflection coefficient the c-olarization cross polarization are measured accordingly. If the orientation of the both horn antennas is same, so we are basically

measuring the co-olarization reflection coefficient. If one of the u horn antenna is rotated at 90°, so in that case we will be measuring the cross polarization reflection coefficient. These this next section basically is basically about the RCS reduction. So here this figure shows uh the the back scatter waveform at different frequencies from a from a meta surface.

So different methods are used like phase cancellation, digital coding and absorption in order to to obtain RCS reduction. So RCS is basically uh the measure of the scatter power back toward the source uh or specular direction. This is a mathematical equation. the ratio of the reflected electric field is incident squared multiply by R square and it is

assumed that the scatterer or the target is in the far field of the antenna or radar. So we have to discuss the monostatic RCS where the transmitter and receiver are collocated and a biostatic RCS. So where the transmitter is at one location and the receiver is at other location or there can be multiple

receiver. So in case of biatic RCS is measured in different direction than incident w and this is the RCS reduction in DB this is the formula uh to evaluate RCS reduction. So that is the about the theoretical concept of the RCS and this is one of the important parameter to be discussed when we are talking about

stealth invisibility or EM clocking absorb and absorption. So mechanic sum for RCS reduction are three absorption phase cancellation diffuse scattering absorption can be obtained by meta surface absorber. So convert em energy to loss. This is the formula. So a equal 1 minus reflection square minus transmission square. If there is no reflection and no

transmission if these two parameter s1 and s21 are zero. So we get a = 1 which is 100% absorption. Similarly phase cancellation in this we have used chessboard meta surface which causes destructive interference in specular direction and the p the criteria is the phase difference between the elements should be 180°. Similarly the third

method is coding digital coding. So to redistribute the power into many direct split the power in other direction rather than the direction of the radar in order to get uh RCS reduction. So the first case phase cancellations for example we have a meta surface design this is the unit cell PCMS1 first unit cell of the pro converting meta

surface then the second unit cell it rotated exactly opposite diagonal wise. So if the field uh reflected from the first unit cell is this E1 the that from the second is this and they are added when they are added so they cancel the effect of each other as a result there is no reflection in that desired

direction. So this will reduce specular uh reflection or leading toward uh monostatic RCS reduction. So the face for the face cancellation uh method with the face cancellation method we have designed a chessboard meta surface here is that geometry uh this is the surface and this is the chessboard triangular chessboard array. You can see

that it is arranged in triangular fashion. So it basically uh it serves both function. It converts X to Y polarized wave and Y to X with a 90% uh PCR from 8 to 25 GHz. Here you can see that PCR is almost close to unity within this wide bandwidth. Uh it can also offer more than 10 dB RCS

reduction. You can see more than 10 dB RCS reduction in the same band uh as compared to the PEC. For example, the PC means the performance here is compared with the perfect electric conductor if the surface is replaced with the PEC. So the PC reflects all the uh waves toward the rod. So you can see that RCS

reduction is very small as come in case of the blue line in case of the metal uh surface. On the other hand, the uh the meta surface here, the chessboard meta surface reduces the the RCS tremendously. And how it is obtained when the phase difference between the two you the between the elements is

180 plus 180 or minus 180. You can see here in during the entire bandwidth the the the phase difference is either plus 180° or minus 180°. This is the um best back scatter diagram. You see here uh the top three uh diagrams are that for the PEC the the metallic uh surface and the bottom one

here figure B these are for the triangular chessboard array. So if you see here there is a very strong reflection in the direction of the radar. So the invisibility electromagnetic visibility or stealth is weaker here in this case. But in case of the chessboard era you can see there is zero reflection in the direction of the

radar rather than the beam is splitted in other directions. So stealth is achieved. The next is the coding meta surfaces digital states for the they work on digital state for electromagnetic scattering. So can be one bit or two bit. One bit means zero or one zero correspond to 0° uh phase and one to

180°. Similarly two bit coding. So four combination 0000 0 1 to 1 and four codes are used 0 0 means 0 degrees 90 180 and 270° phase difference they have discrete states. So for one bit coding if we see here uh there is the first unit cell and then the second unit cell they are

arranged randomly to achieve that criteria. uh the phase difference between the neighboring unit cell become 180 degrees causing toward destructive interference. So resulting in a more than 3dB uh 10 dB RCS reduction within the bandwidth 22 to 76. Here you can see from 22 to 76 which covers most of the useful spectrum you

can see and here it can be used for 5G 6 mm wave system satellite communication automotive radar and beam forming. These are the potential application of this one bit digital coding meta surface. And again the phase criteria is met here. The blue line you see that is the phase difference is either plus 180 or minus

180° during the entire RCS bandwidth. Uh two bit uh digital coding. Uh this is another uh proposed surface which gives us uh 99% fractional bandwidth from 9 to 27 GHz. 9 to 27 GHz. uh and it can u work with multiple uh web uh being impinged on the surface. uh it gives stealth to linearly polarized waves. RCS

reduction for linearly polarized wave left hand circularly polarized waves or right hand circularly polarized wave within this uh bandwidth and two bit coding means to four phase uh states like mentioned here. Uh for this orientation at 45° we get a phase of zero. With this orientation, it corresponds to 90°. With this 225°

rotation, we get 180 and so on. And here is that uh layout of two bit coding meta surface. These uh elements are organized in various uh geometrical arrangements to attain this RCS broadband RCS response. Uh the next is the RCX reduction via absorption. So absorption means that the web basically incident on the surface

totally disappears. It is not reflected. It is not transmitted but disappears inside the inside inside the surface. So here we have proposed optical optical transparent and conformal meta surface which is a hot research area nowadays. So here a multi-layer uh unit cell itto this is the metallic or conducting power. Then the PET. PET is the uh

polyethylene tetra pithl PDMS uh that is the poly dethilesen uh then another layer of PT and then finally the ITO ground plane you can see the transparency is totally transparent and it has been tested. It gives us more than 80 80% transparency with this uh measurement setup. Here is the sample. These are the transmitter and receiver

to to to to study the behavior of the transparent meta surface. So we have achieved uh of stable performance in terms of polarization conversion and absorption up to 45° of angular uh incidence and their application are low low observable platform like onal antennas clocking and curve surface stealth. Here we have bent this uh surface with various radius like

150 and 100 for both TE and TM waves. Uh you can see there is a minimal uh change in the absorption response. We can get more than 90% absorption throughout the entire uh bandwidth from five to almost uh 23 GHz. Here is that uh RCS reduction. You can see uh minus more than minus 10 dB uh

RCS reduction has been achieved. So the MS the meta surface this uh transparent meta surface enables excellent absorption RCS reduction while simultaneously providing optimal optical transparency miniaturization and mechanical confirmability within the 3 to 21 GHz range. uh this is another uh interesting uh topic uh using uh various uh uh layers of novel materials. So to get RCS

reduction by absorption and trifunctional reconfigurable through a trifunctional reconfigurable meta surface to triunctionality here means we can achieve wideband absorption or broadband absorption or narrow band absorption uh by controlling the behavior of the uh various layers. Here graphine uh venadium dioxide and PSI have been used for reconfiguring this particular um three layer structure. So

the light the is used as a pumping source. Uh these are incident waves heating through heat. Um we can reconfigure the graphine uh that for venidium dioxide sorry venidium dioxide can be controlled through voltage uh bias. So if the uh temperature is higher than 68° then it behaves as a metallic and when it is

less than it be behave as an insulator. So graphine basically use electrical tuning. Vium dioxide use basically thermal tuning uh and it change its states from insulator to metal. So insulator at 68° and metal at more than 68° temperature and similarly firmy level of the uh um the electrons basically uh determines the on and off

state of the graphine the metallic and insulation state of the uh graphine here and it can be used in biomedical imaging gas sensing thermal camouflage and so on. So here is the response if you can see. So four states have been uh demonstrated both high both low when the PSI is high and vidium dioxide is low when the PSI

is low and vidium dioxide is high. So by high means uh the the particular layer is in metallic state. low means uh the particular layer u with the whether venidium dioxide PSI is in the insulation uh state. So for these various states we are getting these trifunctional responses. So if we can consider uh the first when both are high

it means the venidium dioxide is conductive and the PSI is in conductive state. So we have the black curve here the absorptivity. So dual band response is achieved a broadband and narrow band curves appears. Similarly if both are low in insulation state we are getting a broadband absorption response. And it similarly for the other two states and

here is the uh presentation of the RCS. So we are also getting uh more than 10 dB RCS reduction within the terraertz band. So from almost from uh 2 to uh 16 terz we are achieving uh very good RCS reduction for this multi-layer architecture. >> Pardon me professor we are so sorry because the time is limited. You only

have 5 minutes. >> Okay. Okay. I will speed up. Okay. Just one minute. Uh thank you. So the next section is the meta surfaces by for sensing. So the two application areas discussed here is that of uh sensing and MRI applications. So here we can see that uh if any sample blood sample or any um analyticity is

placed on the surface of the uh metal surface. So it basically changes the behavior of the reflected waves from it. So here a PCR is shown here. So if the change is frequent change in frequency of the PCR of the reflected waves basically corresponds to the change in the refractive index of the uh sample.

So from that the doctors can basically diagnose a particular disease. So the merger application area is biosensing and um MRI case uh it can be used to enhance the local field of the reflected wave from the tissues of the human body in order to enhance the signal to noise ratio of the MRI imaging and getting to

better diagnostic systems. So this is that layout of the bio sensor. You see here PCR for simple and within the container and with the air analytic you can see the change in frequency can correspond to the particular state of the uh tissue sample type. It can be healthy cell or infected or diseasious uh cell can be uh

diagnosed with this. So here this is basically a again a terraertz bio sensor and can be used for the detection of cancer, malaria, uh hemoglobin or glucose. This is that MRI application here. Uh uh you can see periodic structure uh multi-channel coaxial based uh meta surface flexible meta surface is used for hand or knee uh parts of the body

here for breast cancer detection. This cylindrical u meta surface coil or RF coyle is used to enhance the local field leading to better uh results like seen here. In case of the flexible u coaxial based multi-channel meta surface we can see that more details are uh can be seen here in the MRI image and with the

volumetric uh magnetic uh meta surface regenerator for breast cancer uh detection it is experimented with an orange you can see the resolution of the image is very high as compared to the conventional uh body body coil of the MRI machine. So that is uh how the electromagnetic surfaces are heading from passive to

programmable and finally to reconfigurable intelligent surface. So the next step is not only a better unit cell it is a better electromagnetic system. So here we conclude our presentation because of the shortage of time uh we are unable to explain everything in detail. uh the that meta material results in superior properties through

engineering subwavelength structures metal surface are 2D materials manipulating EM wave propagation uh emerging materials such as graphine vended and dite itto and phase chain material are enabling tenable reconfigurable uh transparent flexible and multifunctional meta surfaces these reconfigurable material can be used in the design of future surfaces for 6G communication uh for 6G and beyond the metaurfaces

will be intelligent multiunctional integrating sensing communication and adaptive electromagnetic control. So future meta meta material inspired MRI KS are also expected to evolve from passive local uh SNR enhancer into adaptive volumetric modular and clinically deployable receive system capable of delivering robust patient specific performance. So the evolution is from designing materials to engineering waves and ultimately to

programming the electromagnetic environment. attention. >> Thank you, Professor Sadi for such a comprehensive presentations. It's remarkable to see how met materials once bulky fixed threedimensional structures have evolved into ultra thin reconfigurable meta surfaces that can precisely control the phase polarization and scattering of electromatic waves and are now moving toward become intelligence programmable system for 6G

and beyond. So ladies and gentlemen, let's open the floor for the questions. Who would like to ask the first questions to Professor Sadik from the audience in onsite? Is there any questions

maybe for participate joining online? Is there any questions? Okay, professor. While we wait for questions from the floor, allow me to ask a question myself. Professor, you [snorts] mentioned emerging trends such as transparent, flexible, and reconfigurable metaurfaces among the application you highlighted like stealth technology, medical imaging, sensing, and advanced antennas. Which one do you

believe is close to widespread real world adoption in the next few years when 6G is coming in maybe 2030 professor? >> Okay. Uh in case of like uh you can see the uh transparent meta surfaces I have uh discussed. Thank you for the interesting question. uh actually for future perspective because the dynamics

if we go to the uh defense industry so the dynamics of wars are uh rapidly changing. So in that case such of surfaces it can be simultaneously uh transparent which will not basically disturb the performance of the of the system at all because you can it can be to make a target. For example, if we are

talking about an aeroplane or a tank on the ground, if we can paint these surfaces even on the glasses and through the entire surface. to the the aesthetics of the objects will not be disturbed and at the same time it will give us total electromagnetic st without giving any course to the radar. So that

is one of the application area the 6G of the uh defense systems okay in terms of communication we can make it reconfigurable but that is the multid-disciplinary area combining electronics electromagnetics and and software engineering. So in that case we can make it totally intelligent as well which will change its response depending on the environ the the the user

environment. So that is also one of the application area which can be exploited in 6G because in 6G the frequencies are very high and in that case the wave as I said earlier can get attenuated just after few kilometers or even less than a kilometer. So and by it can be blocked by trees or human beings. So in that

case we cannot install so many base station throughout the um ge geographical area. So in that case the reconfigurable intelligence surfaces will be deployed on the windows of the buildings and somewhere around so that it can give reflection in multiple direction to connect the mobile user or any user to the base station

effectively. So that is the vision. >> Okay. Thank you, professor. >> Yeah. >> Okay. Maybe is there any questions? Yes, please. Yes.

>> Uh hello professor. Yeah, I'm Najib from Malaysia. I have questions. Uh I I I like your work regarding the um reflecting the Bessions, right? the to uh the cop relations. All right. Um I I've done that one as well. But uh my question is is um I have two question actually. The first the first question

is about how how about the bandwidth of the operations as we know uh how good the um why we need the metas to convert it as we can design the antenna itself for the C operation that's question right and um so far how good in your design for the bandwidth of the CP

uh is it very wide or is small. That's the first question. The second question is you know about the stars where we have the uh reflecting and not only reflecting but it also penetrated it and reflect at the back. So um how how good is the star is in your design you consider and how we can implement that

is it um uh in future for the staries. Thank you. Okay, thank you very much uh for the question. Uh so about the first question you said that uh the bandwidth of the circular polarization. Yeah. So actually this is uh circular polarization uh circularly polarized antennas or circularly polarized response um is uh basically itself a challenging

task. Here the the use case example I have presented the our published paper there are eight bands in which we were getting the circularly polarized bandwidth but the response in terms of linear to circular polarization was not very wide as I seen I presented. However, we have also designed such a surfaces which can give wider band CP

response by properly basically engineering the unit cell dimension so that the the phase difference between the waves become the incident and the reflected web can be go to 90° in that case plus 90 or minus 90° throughout that bandwidth. So we can achieve a circularly polarized wave with a uh wider acceleration response. And uh what

was your second question? I think it was about the can you repeat it again still? >> All right. Uh the second benefit is about the staris the um regarding the penetration of the recoperative surface where for the passive one the star is not only reflecting the wave but it also uh penetrate the meta surface and it

reflect at the back and uh my my my question is how how realable it is in the market I mean uh in realization the prototype type of the staris. >> Starish means simultaneous transmitting and reflective surface. >> Yeah. >> You mean by star >> transmitted at the same meta surface. It's not only reflecting but it also

penetrate and refcting and transmittive. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. >> Okay. Okay. I got it. Because for the user I have to explain star means a simultaneously transmittive and uh reflective surface. So it can it is realizable that if we need to transfer like a filter it can reflect some of the waves and it can transmit some of the

waves. But the in my presentation I have only covered the reflective the the metal surfaces are operating in the reflection mode because on the back side of this the surface there is a total wall electric wall uh solid sheet of metal. So it is not transmitting anywhere to the other side. It is

totally here we we have discussed in reflection mode. However, it is possible and it has been designed that some surfaces can be designed which can transmit the waves as it can receive uh reflect with various polarization uh types. So that is possible. Thank you. I think you answered I I have answered your question.

>> Is that okay? Yes. Okay. Thank you very much professor for such an enriching discussions from the fundamentals of metameal design to the cutting edge possibilities of reconfigurable meta surfaces. I'm so sorry because the time is limited. So ladies and gentlemen, please join me in giving a warm round of applause to professor sadik

for this outstanding keynote sessions as we display the token of the appreciation of the screen. Okay, thank you. Please MC. >> Thank you very much.

>> Thank you professor for remarkable presentation and Miss Farhana Mari for moderating this session. Please, ladies and gentlemen, a big round of applause to both of them and to all of our keynote speakers for the invaluable contribution today. And we are truly grateful to each and every one of you. Ladies and gentlemen, we have now

reached one of the most exciting moment of today's conference. The announcement of the best paper awards and our panel of expert reviews has carefully evaluated all submission based on originality, significance and its impact. Without further ado, let's us announce the winner.

The best paper awards of the Ninth International Conference on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering, ICV 2026 goes to Lintang Denny Lakana at all with the title is optimization of NDPID control using the gray wolf optimizer algorithm for power stability in hybrid energy storage system. Now we invite Lintang Denny Lakana to receive the certificate of the base

paper and we invite professor Nhayati as chair of ICVE 2026 to give the certificates.

Let's take the picture first.

Thank you very much and once again congratulation for the best paper awards and we also extend our sincere congratulation to all presenter for their outstanding research contribution and maybe let's give ourself a big applause for today. >> [applause] >> Ladies and gentlemen, with that we officially conclude the opening ceremony and main session of ICVE 2026.

Thank you very much and I'm Nami Roto Jenna. See you at the parallel session and see you at ICV 2027. >> [music]

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